乾隆朝初通巴達克山考──兼論準噶爾遺產與清朝中亞外交之初建

Qing’s Contact with Badakhshan during the Qianlong Reign and the Establishment of Qing’s Diplomacy towards Central Asia

乾隆二十四年，大小和卓兵敗流亡巴達克山，西帕米爾地區由是進入清朝的關注範圍，清與巴達克山伯克蘇勒坦沙就引渡之事往還交涉，並逐漸在西帕米爾建立起權力與情報網絡，形成了與東亞宗藩秩序所不同的「主僕」（ejen-albatu）政治關係。西帕米爾地區的族群與文化均與清有較大隔膜，清朝在制度與知識上亦無足夠的準備以因應其西陲經略。準噶爾汗國長期統治天山南北路，地理上介乎清與西帕米爾之間，使其政治文化亦成爲溝通二者的中介。清朝以準噶爾汗國的征服者與繼承者的面目出現於中央歐亞東部，基於實用主義的考量，繼承了準噶爾在人員、語文、政治邏輯諸方面的遺產，構成其中亞外交得以展開的基礎。惟此不過爲一時權宜之策，隨著與中亞諸國接觸之頻繁，高宗逐漸調整治理思路，蒙古因素在中亞外交中的壟斷性地位逐漸淡化，滿、漢等多元影響因素亦滲入其中。本文利用滿漢文檔案與史籍，考述乾隆二十四年至二十五年與巴達克山交涉始末，並試圖檢視清朝權力網絡在此地區內的建立過程，及其所憑藉的知識資源、行政策略及政治文化傳統，以期爲理解清與中亞關係史及清朝「天下秩序」在中亞的構建提供一個具體的角度。

The Khoja brothers’ escape to Badakhshan in search for refuge in 1759 brought the situations in the West Pamir areas to the attention of the Qing empire. During the negotiations with Sultan Shah, the leader of Badakhshan, about the extradition of the fugitive Khoja brothers, the Qing court gradually built up their power and informative network, and developed a political relation of “lord-servant” (ejen-albatu) with Badakhshan which differed from the “suzerain-vassal” relation commonly seen elsewhere in East Asia. West Pamir states differed markedly with the Qing empire in their ethnicity and culture, and the Qing empire at that time did not have the capabilities nor the logistical support to deal with its Islamic neighbors. The Zunghar Khanate, located between the Qing empire and Central Asia, had long ruled the Tianshan region, and made its political culture a mediator between the two. Qing rose in Eastern Central Asia as the conqueror and successor of Zunghar Khanate, and thus inherited its officials and diplomatic assets which formed the foundation for Qing’s diplomacy in Central Asia. However, this was just an expedient. With increasing contacts with Central Asia, the Qianlong Emperor gradually modified his policy, reflecting a decline in Mongolianstyle elements and an emergence of Manchu and Han Chinese characteristics. Based on Manchu and Chinese archives as well as other materials, and by closely examining the negotiation between Qing and Badakhshan, this essay will discuss how Qing’s authority network in West Pamirs was established and what intelligence resources, strategies and political cultural traditions were used therein, hoping to throw light on the history of Qing-Central Asia relation and the construction of Qing’s world order in Central Asia.