復仇大義與南宋後期對外政策的轉變

Revanchism and the Change of Foreign Policy in Late Southern Song China

本文從討論南宋理學家對復仇概念的倡議入手，探究南宋後期對外政策從和戎走向作戰的轉變。對金復仇是朱熹等理學家一貫的政治主張，寧宗時代韓侂冑籌畫北伐，即以宋、金世仇作為出兵的主要訴求。一方面重用主張復仇的官員，一方面推崇高宗朝的主戰人士，以求凝聚支持北伐的力量。雖然宋軍在開禧二年的出擊很快遭致挫敗，但復仇的正當性並未受到影響，以真德秀為代表的理學家，繼續呼籲以復仇作為施政的核心目標。等到金政權因蒙古的入侵而衰弱，宋人重燃復仇的希望，展開對和、戰政策的激烈爭議，也重新檢視過去的對金政策。在這段過程中，主和的意見漸趨消沈，以秦檜為代表的主和官員形象不斷惡化。視和議為誤國的看法，成為阻礙南宋政府與蒙古達成和議的一項重要因素。儘管理學家是復仇主張的倡議者，但復仇觀念能得到廣大的支持，則是諸多南宋官員與士人，重新檢討高宗朝以降和、戰歷史所造成的結果。

Diplomatic pacification had been the core of Southern Song’s policy towards the Jin dynasty. During the last sixty years of Southern Song, however, it engaged in lasting war against the Jurchens and Mongols. Analyzing the factors which caused the change of Song’s foreign policy serves the main purpose of this article. In 1205, the Song court initiated its irredentist war against the Jurchen. To prepare this campaign, Song political leaders propagandized revanchism and promoted the posthumous status of officials who supported irredentism during Emperor Gaozong’s reign, notably Yue Fei. Although the military action in 1205 quickly resulted in a fiasco, revanchism gradually became popular from that time, and prevented the Song government from returning to its pacification tradition. Two main factors, I argue, caused this result. First, because Neo-Confucians were the main supporters of revanchism, the concept of irredentist war widely spread among the literati class as Neo-Confucianism became popular in the thirteenth century. Second, the decline of the Jin dynasty inspired Song literati to reconsider previous pacification policy, and attributed the misfortune of their country to the officials proposing rapprochement, especially Qin Kuai. Officials who supported pacification thus suffered huge pressure.