Philology與史語所：陳寅恪、傅斯年與中國的「東方學」

Philology and the Institute of History and Philology at Academia Sinica: Chen Yinke, Fu Ssu-nien, and “Dongfang Xue” in Republican China

一九二八年傅斯年在中央研究院創立歷史語言研究所，並將該所的英文名稱定為Institute of History and Philology，高呼要將中國建設成「東方學」的正統。將研究所取名為philology，又將「東方學」視為該所工作的目標，可見兩者在他心目中的意義。十九世紀、二十世紀初philology在歐洲蓬勃發展。一九二○年代，中國文史學者傅斯年、陳寅恪等人留學柏林，受到philology的薰陶，回國後又將習得的philology，應用在中國文史的教學及研究上。Philology雖然對陳寅恪、傅斯年等中國文史學者意義重大，但歷來學者對他們學習的philology及所謂的「東方學」，只是點到為止。本文目的在補充歷來研究的空白，探討十九世紀以至於二十世紀初歐洲philology的發展、敦煌研究與「東方學」的面目及傳播途徑，以及philology對中國學者如陳寅恪、傅斯年的意義。傅斯年的目標是將史語所建立為研究歷史與philology的機構，但為何歐洲的philology研究無法在中國生根？為何後來史語所卻演變成歷史學與語言學（linguistics）的研究所，而且一般人也如此解讀？其中的緣由，本文最後也加以說明。

When Fu Ssu-nien founded a new institute for Chinese studies in Academia Sinica in 1928, he named it “The Institute of History and Philology.” In his inaugural statement, Fu proposed to make China the center of “Dongfang Xue” (a peculiar reading of Oriental Studies). Philology and “Dongfang Xue” obviously were of great significance to Fu and his contemporaries. Philology as a discipline enjoyed great prosperity in Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Fu, Chen Yinke, and some of the most-talented Chinese students studied it in Germany, the center of philological research at that time, and endeavored to apply it onto their own teaching and research upon their return to China. Historians who work on the scholarship of Fu and Chen, however, have so far only touched slightly on significance of philology and Dongfang Xue for Fu and Chen. To fill this gap, this article reviews the developments of philology in Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that had impact for Chinese scholars, examines the implications and trajectory of Dunhuang Studies and Dongfang Xue, and analyzes Fu’s and Chen’s applications of their philological training and perspective to their work on ancient and medieval Chinese history that is often considered path-breaking. In the conclusion, this article explains why the interest in European philology did not continue in China or at the Institue of History and Philology, and why Fu’s institute has come to be understood as an Institute of History and Linguistics in the second half of the twentieth century.