唐代士族女兒與家族光榮──從天寶四年〈陳照墓誌〉談起

Aristocratic Daughters and Family Pride in the Tang Dynasty: A Study over the Epitaph of Chen Zhao

刻寫於唐玄宗天寶四年（745）的〈陳照墓誌〉，是少數記錄了唐人期待女子光顯家族的墓誌之一。誌主陳照乃陳朝帝室後裔，陳氏起自寒微、陳朝國祚短暫，入唐後其家於士族群體中的地位頗為曖昧。撰誌者凸顯誌主陳照特殊的倫理行事，將嫁妹、救兄等護持本家的行動，詮釋為伯叔預言陳照「必光吾族」的實現。由於過去學者對陳照二嫁的認識，停留於墓誌表層的文字敘述，故未能辨識出陳照丈夫的身分與家世，也未能跳脫撰誌者的詮釋視角，究明兩段婚姻對於陳照光顯本家皆有極大助益。本文爬梳傳統文獻與墓誌資料，重建陳朝宗室後裔入唐後的發展情狀與社會地位，並利用多項史料考辨陳照二嫁的對象與家世背景，揭示陳照嫁妹、救兄等護持本家的行事，背後連結的仍是「女兒嫁得貴婿、援引夫家資源援助本家」的模式；陳照二嫁高門，以及在夫家的德禮表現，在唐代士族社會中足以鞏固本家的社會地位、為本家增益光彩。陳照「光吾族」的事例，正可觀察唐代士族女兒通過聯姻與文化教養光顯本家的現象。

The epitaph of Chen Zhao, inscribed in 745 AD or the fourth year of Tianbao of the Tang Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712-756), is a rare epitaph asserting that a daughter could also honor her natal family. Chen Zhao was a descendant of the royal family of the Chen dynasty, and the social status of her family among the aristocrats in the early Tang was arguably ambiguous. In the epitaph of Chen Zhao, her deeds—particularly marrying off her younger sisters and saving her older brother from execution—were accentuated and interpreted as confirmation of her uncles’ prediction: this girl “is bound to honor our family.” Although Chen Zhao’s case has been cited in many previous studies, former understanding about her story focused mostly on the surface narratives of the epitaph inscriptions. This article will answer the question about how a daughter like Chen Zhao could contribute to the glory of her natal family in the Tang aristocratic society. This article not only reconstructs how the descendants of the Chen royal family lived in the early Tang period and discusses their social status, but also digs out the identities of Chen Zhao’s two husbands and the social backgrounds of her husbands’ families by examining epitaph materials and a variety of documents. My research reveals that the way in which Chen Zhao helped and protected her natal family was probably supported by her first husband, which corresponds to the common mode of family management— marrying daughter into the purple and drawing support from the husband’s family. Furthermore, Chen Zhao’s remarriage with a person from one of the most prestigious clans and the fine etiquette that she performed in her second husband’s family both aided in promoting the social status and prestige of her natal family. In other words, the case of Chen Zhao is a concrete evidence to show that a daughter could honor natal family through marriage and aristocratic cultivation in the Tang aristocratic society.