| 英文摘要 |
This paper discusses two closely related topics. First, the term fen-qi (divided up booty) found in received text refers to King Wu of Zhou’s bestowing of a large number of bronze and jade vessels and objects that had been seized during his overthrow of the Shang dynasty to generals and soldiers who had distinguished themselves during that war. These objects ultimately came to rest in the tombs of these commended military men. Analysis of the inscriptions on entombed bronzes allows us to identify these as a distinct type of tomb. Stylistically, the bronzes therein belong to the late-Yinxu period. Their inscriptions often include multiple family insignia and multiple heavenly-stems from different Shang noble families. The tombs, however, show that the Zhou dynasty ranking system based on number of ding was followed rather than the Shang system based on number of jue. Because a vast number of bronze and jade objects was seized as the spoils of war at the time, for a period of approximately twenty-five years at the beginning of the Zhou dynasty, almost all of the tombs in the area west of Anyang, Zhengzhou, and Shangcai belonged to this type of tomb, which we call the Typical Fen-qi Tomb. After King Cheng of Zhou relocated the Yin people of Anyang to Luoyang and Guanzhong regions, workshops in those two regions began to produce bronze vessels. Hence, some tombs exhibit a mix of late-Shang vessels obtained through fen-qi and bronze vessels from the workshops of Luoyang and Guanzhong. We term these Partially Fen-qi Tombs. Of course, during the early Western Zhou dynasty, some regions still followed the Shang system. We call such tombs Shang System Tombs. The above analysis based on bronze vessels in tombs and their inscriptions may be applied to any tomb with bronzes from the Western Zhou that has not been plundered, and it may be used to investigate the ritual system in Western Zhou tombs. The second topic of this paper, then, revolves around the dividing all Western Zhou tombs with bronze vessels into types based on this analysis. These include: Tombs of Steppe Allies, Zhou Track Tombs, Yin Track Tombs, Southeastern Aborigine Tombs, and Ritual Reformed Tombs. Altogether, this gives us eight types of tombs. The distinction between Zhou Track Tombs and Yin Track Tombs is made chiefly by using the ethnic identity revealed in inscriptions as well as differences between wine and eating vessels to differentiate between the tomb of Shang nobles and Zhou nobles, thereby also indicating that the Western Zhou once espoused a Zhou-Yin duel track system. The early Western Zhou ritual system can be said to have been a flexible system that adapted itself to different people and places in response to the threat of a large Yin nobility. Still, it is possible that during the reign of King Gong, the threat of the Yin nobility crumbled, and the Zhou carried out a major ritual reforms. Influences of the Shang dynasty, including taotie designs and Shang style drinking vessels were completely excluded from the official system of rites, and supplanted by a system of hierarchical ranking systerm based on the joint use of ding and gui and by pots used as static decorations. The use of rites and music by the Duke of Zhou advocated in the interpretation of the classics should be understood as merely the establishment of a flexibility, such that it could serve as a basis for the dynasty’s stable rule. The true Rites of Zhou as we understand it in fact represents the post-reform system. |
本站僅提供期刊文獻檢索。
