衛所與州縣──明清時期蔚州基層行政體系的變遷

Garrisons and Counties: The Transformation of the Local Administrative System in Yu Subprefecture during the Ming and Qing Periods

明代全國普設衛所，至清初方陸續裁改，這一延續了數百年的歷史演變進程，對明清時期的地方行政區劃和基層社會生活帶來了巨大的影響。本文以明清時期的蔚州地區，即今日河北張家口蔚縣為研究個案，結合大量地方文獻，考察衛所制度在蔚州這樣一個具體「場域」內如何實施。同時，亦細緻呈現衛所制度演變使該地區在政區格局、基層社會組織、賦役徵派、鄉村關係等方面發生了怎樣的變化。蔚州在明以前本是一個相對完整的行政單位，明初在州境內設蔚州衛，始將其分割為州、衛兩套系統。清初，衛所改制，蔚州衛改為蔚縣，歷經數次政區調整後，蔚州、蔚縣合併。伴隨蔚州－蔚州衛－蔚縣的政區演變，自然村落被分割，並逐漸形成具有濃厚軍事色彩的堡寨。清初蔚州衛改縣，千戶所轉變為里甲體系，但賦役徵派方式仍存在兩套不盡相同的系統。以寺廟維修活動中的鄉村合作為例，亦可考察分屬州、衛、縣的不同村落之間呈現出怎樣的村際關係。本文試圖從區域社會史的角度，對衛所制度興廢與基層社會變遷之間的互動關係做個案式討論，既希冀在社會實踐層面將衛所制度史進行「動態」之研究，亦嘗試在制度史與社會史之間尋找一條互通之途。

The military garrison system was established in the early Ming and was removed or modified in the early Qing period. As an empire-wide institution, the system had a profound influence upon local administration and social structure during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Based on a detailed case study of Yu Subprefecture (present-day Yu county, Hebei) and drawing upon a variety of different local documents, this article explores how the system was instituted in a concrete local setting and how the system influenced local administrative divisions, social structure, tax-collection, and intervillage networks. Yu Subprefecture was a relatively complete administrative unit before the Ming. Following the establishment of the Yu Guard in the early Ming, it was divided into civil and military systems. This did not change until the early Qing when the Yu Guard was removed and military households and their descendants were converted to civilians. As a result, the natural villages were divided and transformed into military fortresses. The removal of the Yu Guard was not followed by the disappearance of the dual-administrative system. The system remained in operation in important dimensions of social and economic life such as tax collection, corvee labor assignment and the formation of inter-village alliances. This article thus provides an analysis of the dynamics of the institutional history of the garrison system, and represents an attempt to bridge the gap between institutional and social history.