元代漢軍軍戶的正貼結構與正貼關係

The Northern Chinese Military Households of the Yuan Dynasty: Household Structure and Family Relations

元代中國北方漢人組成的軍隊稱為漢軍。漢軍軍戶有獨戶軍戶、合戶軍戶之分。前者只含一個戶，實即一家，出軍一人服役，稱獨戶軍。後者包含數戶，實即兩三家或四五家，亦出軍一人服役。出軍的一家稱為正軍戶，所出之軍稱為正軍。其餘諸家不出軍，但需出錢或物津貼正軍，稱為貼軍戶，簡稱貼戶，所出之錢物通稱軍錢。合戶軍戶內的數家，或有親疏不等的血緣關係，或有遠近不一的地緣關係，有的丁多產少，有的丁少產多，有的丁產具少，無力獨自出軍應役，故被政府合併為一個軍戶，共同承擔沈重的軍役。他們之間關於軍錢取予多寡以及田宅買賣的糾紛時有所聞，說明合戶軍戶的成員家庭並不可能凝聚為一個休戚與共的利害共同體。元代漢軍正貼軍制缺乏誘因、不近人情，注定終歸失敗。

Many of the northern Chinese military households (Hanjunjunhu 漢軍軍戶) of the Yuan dynasty consisted of two or more families. One family was required to supply a person to serve in the military while the others were obliged to support the soldier by giving to him money or other goods. These households were designated as regular-auxiliary military households (zhengtie 正貼 junhu). This paper attempts first to delineate the component families of the military households, and then to explore the relations between these families. It concludes that the failure of the zhengtie junhu system was mainly due to the lack of an impetus encouraging the different families to recognize the collective advantage in the system.