以構式為訊息管理的策略──客語「連……也／都」構式之分析

Using Constructions as Information Management Devices: An Analysis of Hakka lien5... ya3/du3 Constructions

本文採用構式語法與語用的互動，分析客語「連……也／都」構式，提出以下論點：首先，本構式由兩個助詞搭配而成一個固定的構式，其句法及語意也借助搭配而成。此構式乃是運用「連」連結一個必須前置的主題的手段，同時也在這個主題內標示一個焦點因而形成「對比主題」。其次，本構式的語意同時包括「包含」及「極度」，前者的語意由「連」的語意演變而來，後者則是構式整合之後產生的語意。是以，使用這個構式的適切性與否端視這個構式的語意是否符合一般言談的原則而定，亦即這個構式出現的言談情境必須能明確表示「連」所標示的焦點是背景知識中最不可能發生的。最後，本文指出這個構式藉著「連」及「也／都」的合用把「連」所連結的元素主題化並焦點化，不僅改變詞序也改變訊息焦點，這樣的特殊語言形式有其特定的語用功能，是語言使用者為達有效溝通目的而用來管理訊息的一個策略。

This present study on the lien5 and ya3/du3 construction in Hakka has four claims. First, structurally, lien5 needs to be associated with a fronted constituent that serves as a contrastive topic that is fronted at the beginning of a construction. Second, semantically, the construction denotes inclusion of the element which is being focused on as a member of the biggest sum individual (the largest number of possible elements which could be reasonably contained in a group) and renders it as the extreme value. Not only does each part of the construction contribute to the overall meaning, but the construction itself also contributes an extra meaning- that the element which is being focused on has to characterize the least expected value. Third, the felicity in using this construction interacts with the meaning of lien5 and general principles of conversation; in this respect, lien5 hence differs from English even, which conventionally refers to a likelihood scalar. Finally, this construction is employed to enhance the informative value of the form in question.