中彰投及高屏地區低收、中低收入戶勞動狀況研究

A Study of Working Poor among Low to Lower-Middle Income Households in Central and Southern Taiwan

本研究採面對面深度訪談方法，於臺中市、彰化縣、南投縣及高雄市與屏東縣等五縣市，訪談低收入戶及中低收入戶中有工作者，合計50位，以瞭解低收與中低收入戶中勞動者仍陷於工作貧窮之因及其對於政府政策的期待。
訪談結果發現多數低收與中低收入戶中的工作者，從事低技術或勞力密集的工作，如居家服務員、照顧服務員、清潔員、工廠作業員、臨時工或季節工等，且其通常可能會選擇無須投保勞保的工作。受訪者仍陷工作貧窮歸納有4項原因：1.職能面：工作職能不足致收入偏低；2.態度面：工作者本身的工作態度較不積極且依賴補助；3.健康面：工作者本身或家人為身心障礙者或罹患重大疾病；4.財務面：多有債務問題，且多缺乏長期的財務規劃與儲蓄習慣。受訪者認為對自己最有幫助的勞動政策主要為「就業獎勵津貼」、「職業訓練」、「就業輔導諮詢」與「提供媒合就業機會」。
本研究建議提出4項建議：1.協助媒合彈性工時就業機會，並配合其他社會或商業保險機制強化勞動保障；2.建立在地化導向的職業訓練、托育與兒少教育協助及醫療照顧，並提供債務協商等支持性資源；3.於第二代成長階段，提供其脫貧輔導方案；4.優化社安網轉介機制與聯繫會報，並建立跨單位整合資料庫，分類彙整就業情形、參與職訓情形、參與政府專案和各類脫貧方案情形等相關資訊。從就業協助、家庭服務及照顧、家庭財務規劃與跨域資源連結等方式，提供全方位的協助措施，以幫助其低收與中低受入家庭擺脫貧窮循環。

This study is aimed at exploring the causes of working poverty and challenges of the disadvantaged workers in the labor market and their anticipation toward current government policies. The study has adopted face-to-face interviewing methods among low to lower-middle income working individuals in Taichung City, Changhua County, Nantou County, Kaohsiung City and Pingtung County.
One of the key findings is concentration on less-skilled and labor-intensive type of work among this group of workers, mainly in-home service provider, care giver, cleaning, factory worker, temporary or seasonal workers, etc. Moreover, they usually choose jobs without employment insurance. Further analysis has identified major barriers for getting out of poverty, including 1）competent issue where skills and knowledge are limited leading to lower income; 2）attitudinal issue where some workers are lack of motivation and over-reliant on subsidies; 3）health-related issue where workers themselves or their family members are disabilities; 4）financial issue where some are of debts or lack of long-term financial planning and saving for a rainy day. Meanwhile, top-4 most helpful government policies for economically disadvantaged group are“employment subsidy”“vocational training”“employment consultancy”and“job matching service.”
This research results derived 4 recommendations: 1）to assist job-matching flexible working opportunities, and to strengthen workers’rights protection along with other social or commercial insurance schemes; 2）to integrate resources across localized job training programs, child care, medical care and debt resolution assistance; 3）to provide counseling services for second generations of the disadvantaged families; 4）to optimize referral and reporting schemes under the newly established social protection network via an integrated database across departments. Thus, from employment assistance, child care, family financial planning and cross-departmental resources, it is expected to provide a well-rounded support system to lift low to lower-middle income households out of poverty.