圓仁與唐代巡檢

Yuan Jen and the Policing System of the T'ang Dynasty

本文以日本入唐僧圓仁（794-864）所著一手史料《入唐求法巡禮行記》為主，討論他在唐代中國目睹及經歷唐代巡檢的一些問題。唐人所謂「巡撿」，有巡迴檢查、巡行視察之義。有關圓仁和唐代巡檢的關係，在他四卷八萬字的日記中，記載極詳。本文從圓仁所經歷的地方巡檢、帖報官府、申請公驗過所和關津勘驗等事，討論他遭遇唐代巡檢的經過，和一些應付巡檢的具體行動。圓仁的經歷，當然無法說明唐代巡檢的全貌。但他九年多的經歷和詳贍的記錄，填補了唐代巡檢的許多空白，自然彌足珍貴。本文分五節，除「前言」與「結語」外，討論的重點，主要包括第二節「圓仁所見的唐代地方巡檢」、第三節「圓仁與帖報官府」、第四節「圓仁與申請公驗過所及關津勘驗」。

Based upon the diary of the Japanese monk Ennin(794-864), The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law (in Chinese, Ju-T'ang Ch'iu-fa Hsün-li Hsing-chi; in Japanese, Nittô guhô junrei gyôki), this article focuses its discussion on Ennin's eyewittness experiences of the policing system during his more than 9 year stay in T'ang China. Hsün-chien, in T'ang China, referred to a ''touring inspection or touring surveillance.'' It was conducted by a delegate, often a military inspector or local government official. In his 4 volume diary, containing 80 thousand Chinese characters, Ennin describes this practice in detail. He records many instances, including his encounters with military inspectorates on the sea-shore, in a mountain pass, and among the villages and towns of T'ang China. He also makes a record of the regulations and practices behind the application for official documents and issuance of passports from counties and prefectures. These first-hand records, when compared with other T'ang sources, provide us with a rare glimpse of the policing system in T'ang society.