匈奴的遊牧經濟：兼論遊牧經濟與遊牧社會政治組織的關係

The Pastoral Economy of the Hsiung- nu and its Relationship with their Socia-political Organizations

約從西元前八世紀起，歐亞草原上發生了一個重大的人類生態變遷──一種基本上以馴養動物，以季節移動，來利用自然資源的生活方式產生並迅速蔓延。許多原生活在歐亞草原及草原邊緣的貧農、獵戶與採集者紛紛投入這種一般所謂遊牧（nomadic pastoralism）的生活方式之中。遊牧對於這些人群的改變不只是在生產方式上；為了適應這種生活方式，他們的人群結合方式，包括親屬關係、社會組織與政治結構，以及與鄰近民族的互動模式都產生基本的變化。

The purpose of this article is to analyze the pastoralism of the Hsiung-nu with respect to their environment, species-composition of animals, seasonal migrations, and subsidiary subsistence (such as agriculture, hunting and gathering, raid and trade), and to show in comparison with their contemporaries the Ch'iang nomads, how the Hsiung-hu state functioned as necessary organization to support this human ecology. Basically, nomadic pastoralism is a non-autarky subsistence; some subsidiary materials have to be gained from the outside world. How and where these resourses were acquired determined the nature and the range of the outside world they dealt with, and therefore determined the form and scale of their political organizations. This explains why the Hsiung-nu built a state while the Ch'iang could only form groups on the tribal level. Also, the centralized political organization of the Hsiung-nu and the concomitant foreign policy contradicted the segmentary nature of their pastoral economy, thus becoming an inevitable defect leading partly to the failure of the Hsiung-nu state.