民族建構下的權力競奪－－緬甸不結盟外交政策之研究1948-62

The Struggle for Nation-Building: A Study in Burma’s Non-Aligned Foreign Policy, 1948-62

緬甸是一個多民族的國家，其中緬族是緬甸民族的主體民族，也是緬甸的多數民族。在緬甸的民族建構中，伴隨著少數民族分離與要求地方自治權之紛擾，導致國內政治呈現高度不穩定性。本論文的目的是透過檢視緬甸的政治歷史，探討英國殖民時期至緬甸獨立時期，緬甸奉行不結盟外交政策之原因。本文主張國內政治因素（緬族與少數民的緊張關係）與外國勢力干預（英國殖民、日本入侵以及滇緬部隊滯免不歸）構成緬甸戰略文化傳統，塑造緬甸菁英不結盟外交政策之看法。本文研究發現，緬甸自獨立後，吳努在任期間主要優先處理政治內部騷亂，包括：克倫民族聯盟、緬甸共產黨等問題；外交上透過雙邊主義與多邊主義積極參與國際事務，維持外交自主性與獨立性，走出冷戰兩強爭霸的第三條路線，反對殖民主義並提倡和平共存。最後，吳努的不結盟外交政策的特色就是一種非戰爭時期的中立主義，結伴而不結盟的精神，降低捲入冷戰衝突的可能性，並杜絕外國勢力干預。

Burma is a multi-ethnic country, with the Burmese being the main ethnic group and constituting the majority. Unfortunately, the nation-building process of Burma has been characterized by a high degree of political instability due to the exclusion of ethnic minorities and increased demands for local autonomy. The purpose of this article is to examine the rationale behind Burma's non-alignment policy from the British colonial period to Burma's independence by examining Burma's political histography. The article argues that domestic factors (Burmese and minority tensions) and foreign interference (British colonialism, Japanese invasion and Kuomintang troops in Burma) shaped Burma's strategic culture and the perception that Burmese elites hold of the non-alignment policy. This article has found that during his tenure in Burma following independence, Wu Nu mainly prioritized internal political insurgency, including the Karen National Union and the Burma Communist Party. Meanwhile, he actively participated in international affairs through bilateralism and multilateralism, which led to him maintaining diplomatic autonomy and independence and moving away from the Cold War rivalry between the two major powers, namely the USA and Russia, thus opposing colonialism and advocating peaceful coexistence. Lastly, neutralism constituted the core value of the non-aligned foreign policy of Wu Nu, leading to a spirit of partnership rather than alliance, which mitigated the possibility of involvement in Cold War conflicts and prevented foreign intervention.