戰爭論──蔣中正與西方兵學在臺灣的發展

On War: Chiang Kai-shek and the Development of Western Military Studies in Taiwan

蔣中正自言，個人的軍事思想有兩部書影響最大，第一部是《巴爾克戰術》，第二部是克勞塞維茨所著之《戰爭論》。《戰爭論》為西方兵學經典，知名度極高，但真正細閱者恐怕不多。在中華民國政府遷臺初期，蔣中正推動反共抗俄，諸事繁忙，同時推動《戰爭論》重新翻譯，花費大量時間審閱。他對該書如此重視，願花費如此多的時間精力，必定有其緣故與意涵。本文析論蔣中正審閱《戰爭論》的歷程，透過重點分析蔣於《戰爭論》的圈點註記內容，考究所學、反思與影響。過去談論蔣中正在臺的反共活動，多從外交大勢或具體作戰計畫出發，本文考察《戰爭論》的閱讀與推廣，得以呈現軍事思想層面的反共整備。另外，探討國軍在臺軍事發展，向來強調美軍顧問與日軍白團兩個學習脈絡，其實蔣對西方兵學的直接學習，也是一重要脈絡。這一段歷史除了是蔣個人的閱讀史，亦為西方軍事思想在臺繼受、研習、轉化、在地化的過程。

Chiang Kai-shek 蔣中正(1887-1975) said that two books in particular had the greatest influence on his military thought: Tactics by William Balck (1858-1924) and Carl von Clausewitz's (1780-1831) On War. The latter is a classic of Western military studies, and despite being extremely well known, has likely not been read by many. In the early period of the Republic of China government's relocation to Taiwan, Chiang primarily engaged in advancing anti-communist and anti-Russian activities, but at the same time promoted the retranslation of On War, which took a considerable amount of time to review. Evidently, there were some reasons and meanings for him to pay so much attention to this work. The present article analyzes the history of Chiang's review of On War, examining what he apprehended, his reflections, and the impact it had on his thought by focusing on the contents of his annotations. In the past, when discussing Chiang Kai-shek's anti-communist activities in Taiwan, scholars have mostly centered their focus on the general diplomatic situation or specific war plans; in contrast, this article examines the reading and promotion of On War to present the anti-communist preparedness at the level of military thought. In addition, when examining the development of the ROC Armed Forces in Taiwan, scholars have almost always emphasized two learning contexts, namely US Armed Forces advisors and the Japanese ''White Group'' 白團, but in fact, Chiang's direct study of Western military studies is a route that should not be overlooked. This history is thus not only Chiang's personal reading history, but also the processes of inheriting, studying, transforming, and localizing Western military thought in Taiwan.