民法典中參照適用條款的方法論意義

Methodological Significance of Reference Application Norms in Civil Code

參照適用又被稱為授權式類推適用、法定類推適用等，是指法律明定將關於某種事項所作的規定，適用於最相類似的其他事項。《民法典》中明確規定了大量參照適用條款，給我們在用法學方法論找法、用法問題上提出了新的研究物件和新的命題，有助於豐富和完善“尋找法律”環節的方法論。參照適用、類推適用、擬制、直接適用、補充適用屬於不同的法律思考方法和法律適用方法。參照適用的核心難題是規範參照適用司法技術，防止法官恣意，增強法律安定性。參照適用較之類推適用具有更高的確定性。參照適用可以引導我們探索立法者在實定法中的未盡之言。參照適用是釋放民法典體系效益、避免重複規定的立法技術。參照適用立法技術有助於避免重複規定，實現立法簡約；對法律條文適用範圍的妥當安排有助於避免不必要的參照適用。參照適用有意識地彌補《民法典》的漏洞，是具有“造法”功能的司法技術，但參照適用也不是對法律漏洞的終結。經由參照適用技術可以“創造”法律，推動法律發展，實現民法典的再體系化和與時俱進。

The reference application is also known as authorized analogical application, statutory analogical application, etc. , which means that the law clearly applies the provisions made on a certain matter to the most similar other matters. Civil Code of China clearly stipulates a large number of reference application clauses, which put forward new research objects and new propositions for us on the problem of law finding and usage of legal methodology, and which are also helpful to enrich and perfect the methodology of law finding. Reference application, analogical application, fiction, direct application and supplementary application belong to different legal thinking and legal application methods. The core problem of reference application is to standardize the reference application of judicial technology, prevent judges from arbitrariness, and enhance legal stability. The reference application has higher certainty than the analogical application. Reference application can guide us to explore the legislators’ unfinished words in the actual law. Reference application is a legislative technology to release the benefits of the Civil Code and avoid duplicate provisions. Legislative technology of reference application helps to avoid duplicate provisions and realize legislative simplicity. Proper arrangement of the scope of application of legal provisions helps to avoid unnecessary reference application. Reference application is a judicial technology with the function of making law. Reference application is not the end of legal loopholes. By legal technology of reference application, we can create laws, promote the development of laws, and realize the re-systematization of the Civil Code and keep pace with the times.