社會鑲嵌與文化收編：越南農村基層的政治運作邏輯

Social Embeddedness and Cultural Incorporation: The Village Grassroots Political Operation Logic of Vietnam

在田野調查過程中，我們對越南農村時常感受到一種隱晦而有秩序的政治氛圍，而此種有秩序的國家基礎權力又是從何而來？當我們以國家自主性觀點來討論越南的國家與社會關係時，一方面強調國家機關的能力外，另一方面則必須考慮特殊歷史脈絡下的社會結構。本文透過文獻分析與田野研究，指出越南農村基層的治理制度有二：第一，除了政治系統的運作原則之外，仍必須仰賴基層幹部在地方上的人際關係和多重職務身份，將國家的政治任務鑲嵌於基層幹部的社會關係之中。第二，國家在農村創造了一個跨界的空間——文化中心——，此基層的文化中心可以視為國家對農村基層進行攫取和挪用地方資源的一種支配手段，透過「文化」的迴路形式來達到國家滲透社會的目的。

In the course of fieldwork, we often feel a vague and orderly political atmosphere in Vietnam’s villages. “Where does such orderly national power come from?” is one of the questions that we want to ask. When we discuss the relationship between the State and the society in Vietnam from the point of view of the autonomy of the state, the capability of the state organs is emphasized. In addition to, the social structure under the particular historical context is elaborated. There are two institutional arrangements for village grassroots governance in Vietnam, based on a literature review and fieldwork in Vietnam. Firstly, the national political tasks are embedded through the social relationships at the grassroots level. Besides the operating principles of the political system, we found that governance relies on the social relations and multiple positions among the grassroots. Secondly, the State has created a cross-border space which is called a cultural center, “Nhà Văn Hóa”, in the countryside. This cultural center is used as a usual means to obtain local resources. Vietnamese society has been penetrated by this form of cultural governance.