為詩人辯護：再論「窮而後工」說在宋代的理論反響

The Defence of Poetry：The Reaction and Development of the Discourse That Poetry Can Make People Misfortune On Song Dynasty

唐人對於詩人多窮的現象開始有更深刻的認識，認為詩人之窮來自於造物者的懲罰，「窮」與詩人有著不解之緣。至北宋歐陽修提出「窮而後工」說，不僅化解詩人與造物之間的對立關係，同時也肯定窮困有助於詩藝之提升。此說一出，影響深遠，促使宋人更為全面深刻地審視「窮」與「工」的關係，進而思考「窮」與詩人創作、作品評價之間的相互脈絡。在此理論反思背景中，「詩能達人」與「窮而不悔」之說也相繼出現，或認為詩可使作者通達，或強調無怨無悔地以詩固窮。上述論點之間的反響與發展，逐漸形成一個彼此對話，自成系統的詩學理論，也是「為詩人辯護」的歷程。

Most poets were interesting to discuss the relationship between poetry and poverty on Tang and Song Dynasty. Poets of the Tang Dynasty began to believe that writing poetry would make people poor. This is the important theory of ‘Shi neng qiong ren’（詩能窮人）. One of the reasons is that the outstanding poet played the role of Creator overstepped the Creator's authority and is finally condemned to live in eternal suffering. Another of the reasons is that the poet was overly focused on writing poetry and failed in society. Anyway, the misfortune of the poet is thought to be a destiny. Until Ouyang Xiu（歐陽修）proposed ‘Qiong er hou gong’（窮而後工）on Northern Song Dynasty and this theory has only begun to get revised. It emphasized that poverty leads to perfect works. This proposition puts the value of literary creation back to the creating itself. At the same time, poets of the Song Dynasty thought that the poets didn’t not regret even facing poverty. Some even thought that poetry creation can bring success. And it can be named ‘Qiong er bu hui’（窮而不悔）and ‘Shi neng da ren’（詩能達人）. These three ideas had both a diachronic development and a theoretical debate. In this article I defined it as Shi-Qiong discourse. It is a systematic theory of poetics that focused on the relationship of poet's self-evaluation and creation of poetry. Researchers discussed one of these issues in isolation but ignored the theoretical relevance for a long time. Now we should re-examine the theoretical value of Shi-Qiong discourse.