社會企業與創業精神：意義與評論

Social Enterprise and Entrepreneurship: Meaning and Review

社會企業與創業精神兩概念，近年來廣受非營利組織研究者青睞，它們被視為非營利組織因應經營困境的「新」理念。但它們的意義卻常因討論的情境與議題不同而有異。為釐清定義的分歧，本文以相關文獻為分析素材，運用概念分析法，剖析如下研究問題：（1）社會企業、社會創業精神兩概念係由那些元素所構成？構成的意義光譜圖像為何？有何限制？（2）社會企業／社會創業精神所楬櫫的理想，在實踐面與理念面有何困境與挑戰？討論結果顯示，社會企業與創業精神理念雖然試圖在傳統非營利組織、營利組織與政府組織間搭建溝通橋樑，並且強調不斷「創新」、「適應」與「學習」是使這座橋樑穩健的凝結劑。但對如何使這座溝通渠道的圖像更鮮明、有用的策略與模式，卻仍未有定論，仍有待非營利組織研究者更深入的探索。

“Social enterprise” and “entrepreneurship” are the concepts that have been recently popular among NPO researchers, and been viewed as the “new” ideas to solve the difficulties NPOs encounter in management. However, their definitions vary with the situation and the topic of discussion. In order to articulate the variety of these definitions, our study applies the method of concept analysis to analyze the relevant literatures, and focuses the following questions: 1). What are the two concepts, “social enterprise” and “social entrepreneurship”, composed of? And what is its respective definition spectrum and limitation? 2). What difficulties will the ideals which “social enterprise” and “social entrepreneurship” imply encounter both in practice and in theory? In conclusion, although social enterprise and entrepreneurship attempt to throw a bridge over the gap among traditional NPOs, profit organizations and governmental organizations, and base such bridge upon the ideas of “innovation”, “adaptation”, and “learning”, they remain unable to specify a clear shape of the bridge and to develop practical strategies to build the bridge. Those inabilities mean that “social enterprise” and “entrepreneurship” are still immature concepts, and worthy of advanced exploration.