「上善若水」的教練領導觀──臺灣的學校籃球為例

The Coaching Leadership of a Champion Professor: The Perspective of“The Highest Virtue Is Like Water”by Lao Tzu

「教練哲學」是一個有趣且值得探討的課題。每一位教練所進行的體、技、戰、心等有形的訓練和比賽內容， 甚至是執教的風格， 往往牽涉到無形的理念之運作， 也就是所謂的教練哲學。它往往是根據實戰經驗而提煉而成， 因而有時會欠缺學理的依據， 但是它也不能純粹應用學理來套用， 而缺乏實務經驗的支撐。可以這麼說： 好的教練哲學是奠基在實務經驗上， 且以合適的學理來闡釋。本文首先介紹臺灣特殊的教練文化與挑戰， 以有別於其他國家的教練環境； 接著對個案資料進行深入的剖析， 輔以田野調查和敘說等方法。雖然以個案的資料來分析， 卻因為教師兼教練的身份， 而連結了許多同樣身份的其他個案。研究理論主要是應用了東方哲學的「禪」， 以及老子的「水」哲學， 來呈現教練的領導樣態。研究成果主要有二點發現： 東方哲學的智慧應用到運動後， 發現可以幫助教練內在的心路歷程， 而能更專注、放鬆、平靜且帶著創意從事執教工作。其次，東方哲學中的「老子哲學」， 特別是「上善若水」的智慧， 可以做為教練因應外在變化， 而修得更圓融的帶兵之道。

“Coaching philosophy” is an interesting topic worthy to be explored. The tangible training such as physical, technical, combating, and mental aspects, competition contents, and even the coaching style of every coach often involve the operation of intangible concepts, which is also known as coaching philosophy. It is often refined from practical experience and therefore is sometimes short of a theoretical basis, but it cannot be applied purely with theories without the support of practical experience. It can be said that a good coaching philosophy is based on practical experience and illustrated with appropriate theories. This paper starts with the introduction of the special coaching culture and challenges in Taiwan, which distinguish themselves from those in the coaching environments in other countries, and further analyzes the case data in depth, coupled with other approaches like fieldwork and narrative. Although the analysis is centered on case data, it is linked to many other cases with the same status due to the status of teachers serving as coaches. The theory of the study mainly employs the Oriental Philosophy of “Zen” and Lao Tzu's philosophy of water to present the leadership style of the coach. The study yields the following two findings. First, the application of oriental philosophical wisdom to sports is found to be able to enhance the coach's mentality so that he can become more focused, relaxed, calm, and creative in his coaching work. Second, ''Lao Tzu's philosophy'' of oriental philosophy, especially the wisdom of ''the highest virtue is like water,'' can be used as a way for coaches to cultivate a more rounded approach to leading their troops in response to external changes.