黃仲則〈僧伽塔〉之內容意蘊及章法結構探析

Exploring the Contents Connotations and Organization Structure of Huang Zhongze's ''Sangha Tower''

黃仲則〈僧伽塔〉一詩見其廣博的佛學知識，用典繁深，看似散漫無章，實則章法結構謹嚴明暢，切扣詩題。筆者首先針對「僧伽」一詞探源，關於「僧伽」的記載，首見於唐代李邕所作的碑文，爾後李白、蘇軾曾作詩文讚揚其人，《宋高僧傳》記載僧伽神異事蹟，將僧伽視為觀音菩薩的化身。仲則相當熟稔僧伽的傳記，妙用僧伽塔的題材，故本文試圖從辭章學來分析此詩之章法結構，探討其內容意蘊，細究其運用「敘論」章法為主結構，以「賓主」法將僧伽與弟子、真身香臭、建塔與塔毀對比呈現，以「平提側收」法總結塔的成毀乃因緣和合，非人力所及，最終再以「抑揚」法強化全詩核心思想，道出佛家禪思哲理。

Huang Zhongze's ''Sangha Tower'' demonstrates his vast knowledge of Buddhism and his skill in employing sophisticated literary allusions. Despite a seeming lack of organization, in actuality, the text is meticulously and precisely structured, clear, and smooth. First, author explores the source of the word of ''Sangha''. About the record of the ''Sangha'', it was first found in the inscription by Lee Yung of Tang dynasty. Then Li Bai and Su Shi had written the poems and articles to praise this Bhikku (monk). 《Biographies of Eminent Monks of Song Dynasty》 wrote down Sangha's miraculous stories, and he was regarded as the incarnation of Guanyin Bodhisattva. Zhongze was very familiar with a biography of Sangha, and cleverly used the subject of ''Sangha Tower''. Hence, we try to analyze the organization structure of this poem from a rhetorical point of view, to discuss the underlying meanings. On closer inspection, this poem utilized the ''Narrative and Reasoning'' approach in the main structures, and used the ''Guests and Master'' method to compare ''Sangha'' and disciple, fragrant and stinky real body, and to construct a tower and to destruct a tower. Moreover, he used that the ''Overall expounding and Curved ending'' theory to conclude the tower of construction and destruction is karma (the union of causes and conditions) and out of the reach of human. Finally, this poem utilized the ''suppression and rising'' theory to strengthen the core idea of this poem, and to express the philosophy of Buddhist Zen meditation (Zazen).