日本勞動安全衛生管理系統指標之研究

A study on the Revision of the Japanese Occupational Safety and Health Management System Indicator

日本戰後經濟高速成長，但同時也造成勞動災害與職業病的急劇增加，因此於1958年制定「產業災害預防5年計畫」推動勞動災害預防活動，並於1972年從「勞動基準法」中獨立出來「勞動安全衛生法」（安衛法），針對勞動者的安全與衛生為基礎所訂定的法律。勞安衛法除了確保遵守最低標準的措施外，明確工作場所的安全衛生責任制度，並促進企業在安全衛生方面採取自主地活動。制定該法的目的是透過全面系統地推進災害預防措施，保障勞動者安全健康，促進形成舒適的工作環境。因應社會經濟條件、技術創新和工作方式的變化，2023-2027年啟動第 14 期為期5年的勞動安全與衛生計畫，透過推動勞動災害預防5年計劃與勞動安全衛生法的法規規範，期使日本的勞動災害逐漸降低。日本厚生勞動省與中央勞動災害防止協會於2019年共同發布修正日本勞動安全衛生系統指標(OSHMS)，期望讓職場的安全衛生更有組織、更有效率的提升，其方法為透過PDCA循環方式螺旋式的改善安全衛生水準。OSHMS指南，修訂兩大類的內容，包括確保提升關心健康與配合國內外的安全衛生狀況的變化，制定ISO（JIS Q）45001、JIS Q 45100等OSHMS新標準等。本研究將針對日本勞動安全衛生歷史沿革和發展與勞動災害預防計畫做一解析，之後針對日本勞動災害現況進行分析以了解日本勞災預防對策，接著解析日本「勞動安全衛生指標」改版後整體發展與ISO45001指標之差異，最後整理出結論提供參考。

After World War II, Japan experienced a high-speed economic growth, but it also led to a significant increase in labor accidents and occupational diseases. In response, the ''Comprehensive 5-Year Plan for Industrial Accident Prevention'' was established in 1958 to promote labor accident prevention activities. In 1972, the Industrial Safety and Health Act (ISHA) was established, independent from the ''Labor Standards Act,'' as a law based on the safety and health of workers. The ISHA not only ensures compliance with minimum standards but also establishes a clear responsibility system for workplace safety and health and promotes autonomous activities by companies in the field of safety and health. The purpose of this law is to comprehensively and systematically promote disaster prevention measures, protect the safety and health of workers, and promote the formation of a comfortable working environment. In response to changes in social and economic conditions, technological innovation, and work styles, Japan launched the 14th 5-year plan for occupational safety and health from 2023-2027. Through the promotion of the 5-year plan for labor accident prevention and the regulatory framework of the ISHA, the aim is to gradually reduce labor accidents in Japan. In 2019, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan and the Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association (JISHA) jointly issued a revised version of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS), hoping to make workplace safety and health more organized and efficient. This is achieved through a PDCA cycle approach to improve the level of safety and health. The OSHMS guidelines were revised in two major categories, including ensuring the improvement of concern for health and adapting to changes in domestic and foreign safety and health conditions. New OSHMS standards such as ISO (JIS Q) 45001 and JIS Q 45100 were also established. This study will analyze the history and development of occupational safety and health in Japan and the occupational accident prevention plan. It will also analyze the current situation of occupational accidents in Japan to understand the measures for preventing occupational accidents in Japan. Furthermore, it will analyze the overall development of the ''Occupational Safety and Health Indicator'' after the revision and the differences between the ISO45001 indicators. Finally, it will provide conclusions for reference.