“顯性偏見”抑或“隱性偏差” ──刑事審前程序中的認知偏差及其程序控制

Explicit Bias or 'Implicit Deviation': Cognitive Deviations in Criminal Pre- Trial Procedure and Its Procedural Control

除了“生硬”地違反刑事訴訟程序，冤錯案件的形成還可能來自“根深蒂固”的顯性認知偏見或“無意識”的隱性認知偏差，尤其是審前程序的主導性偏見以及偏見傳遞的制度性路徑，可能導致審前程序中的認知偏差傳遞至後續刑事訴訟程序進而産生系統性的負面影響。刑事訴訟審前程序改革進程中，應當遵循“認知主體之實質多元”“認知行為之及時監控”“認知構造之有效平衡”的認知原理，進而探索檢察介入偵查的認知基礎、“捕訴合一”改革的認知保障，並且以檢察機關主導責任為中心平衡審前認知構造。

In addition to violating criminal procedure 'blindly', the formation of wrongful conviction may also result from 'ingrained' explicit cognitive biases or 'unconscious' implicit cognitive deviations. And the dominant prejudice and the systematic path of prejudice transmission would especially lead to negative impacts on subsequent criminal procedure. In the process of criminal pre-trial procedure reform, with following 'substantial diversity of cognitive subjects', 'timely monitoring of cognitive behaviors' and 'effective balance of cognitive structure' principles, the cognitive basis of 'prior intervention by prosecutorate' and 'integration of arrest and prosecution' should be explored, and the pre-trial cognitive structure should be balanced under the center of protectorate's leading responsibility.