以貿易協定保護個人勞動條件的方式演變與未來的發展

The Changes and Development s Through the Trade Agreements to Protect Individual Labor Conditions

貨品完成必有個人勞動的因素，有國家為達保護個人勞動權益的目的，常擴張解釋貿易協定，作為改變貿易夥伴國內勞工法制與政策之工具，但此舉常引發單邊貿易保護主義的批評。有文獻為解決前述問題，嘗試在組織功能的框架下，建議貿易組織預先明示解釋條款的方向，或跨組織合作提升勞工標準的法律主張，以免非議。但世界貿易組織基於傳統見解認為，即使貿易過程或產品與勞工有事實關聯性，也不能改變勞工權益保障屬於國際勞工組織的權限，並以部長級會議宣言終結爭議。此舉除影響有關國家在雙邊或多邊貿易協定的實踐方式，也影響多邊貿易規則形成過程。本研究試從擴張解釋貿易協定，貿易組織的改革與合作，國際實踐進行探討其法律主張，歸納國際實踐模式與提出結論。

Labor is an indispensable element of products. For the special purposes, a lot of States sometimes expand the literally meaning of legal term that special clause used in trade agreement as a tool to promote the domestic social values to tradepartners. It often leads to criticism of unilateral trade protectionism. To respond this scenarios, some scholars suggested WTO might officially declare the particular textual meanings or cooperate with ILO to deal with the cross-sectors disputes to refrain the argument lasting. Base on the traditional and conservative legal grounds, the WTO Singapore and Doha Ministerial Declarations affirmed among other things, that the ILO was the competent body to set and deal with international labor standards and terminated the academic arguments. As the research presented by ILO, it becomes a trend towards using particular labor provisions to promote social sustainability in labor standards, with legally enforceable commitments such as bilateral or multilateral trade agreements. This approach also demonstrated in the trade rules negotiation. This study tries analyzing the legal grounds, summarize international practice patterns and draw conclusions.