中共批評與自我批評初期運作之蘇聯因素

Soviet Elements in the Early Practice of Criticism and Self-Criticism in the Chinese Communist Party

中共宣稱「批評與自我批評」是黨的三大優良作風之一，它後來演變成著名的「檢討」文化，屢屢在政治運動中扮演重要的角色。中外學界至今尚無任何研究能清楚說明中共批評與自我批評的來龍去脈，特別是為何批評與自我批評成為一個合體詞，以及它在俄共和中共初期運作的情形。事實上，批評和自我批評的內容常隨著政治運動而有所變化。在理念層次上，列寧最初提出的「自我」批評中的「我」指的是黨，不是個人。不過，在實踐層次上，越到後來「我」不再是黨，而是指個人、政治異己者或官僚主義者。蘇聯在大清洗時期，批評與自我批評將整肅個人放在第一位，自我批評成了自我揭發，自我汙衊。列寧最初提倡自我批評的目的是希望群眾批評黨，並藉此教育群眾，但實踐的結果卻反其道而行，最後成為黨規訓黨員的重要工具。當它與政治運動結合時可以發揮強大的威力，達到掌權者所期望的政治目的。中共最初透過留蘇學生接受蘇聯的運作模式，在不同階段，做法均有差異，本文主要集中在1920年代到蘇區時期。

The Chinese Communist Party claims that criticism and self-criticism is one of its three excellent work styles. It plays an important role in many political campaigns. So far there has been no thorough research on its ideas and practices, particularly on why criticism and self-criticism became a set phrase and how it was practiced in the Soviet Union and in the early stages of the CCP. The practices of criticism and self-criticism involved a complicated process from its initial operation to its more familiar later form. The contents of criticism and self-criticism varied in different political campaigns. In the beginning, what Lenin meant by “self-criticism” was to criticize “the Party,” not the self as an individual. However, “self” gradually came to refer to individuals, “oppositionists,” and bureaucrats involved in politics. During the Great Purges, criticism and self-criticism mainly targeted the individuals, and self-criticism transformed into self-unmasking and self-accusation. Lenin initially advocated self-criticism to encourage criticism of the Party by its members and the masses in order to improve Party work and to educate the masses at the same time. As time went on, however, criticism and self-criticism eventually became an important instrument to discipline Party members. When criticism and self-criticism was associated with political campaigns, it became a mighty weapon used by power-holders to persecute political opposition and to achieve political goals. Chinese students studying in the USSR introduced these Soviet elements to the CCP in China; this article mainly focuses on the 1920s-1930s, before the Yan’an period.