取締與維權：日本對南滿馬賊問題的認識及肆應（1904-1922）

Suppressing Bands of Outlaws and Safeguarding State Interests: The Japanese Government and South Manchurian Mounted Bandits, 1904-1922

在日俄勢力進入中國東北以前，馬賊已是中國地方政府鎮撫的重點。關於馬賊與日本的關係，既有研究大多關注兩者間的對抗與合作，而較少從治理角度探討日方如何認識馬賊與處理馬賊危害情形，以及日本經營滿洲過程中馬賊扮演之角色。本文指出，日本在滿當局於1904- 1922年對南滿馬賊問題的認識，及其處理馬賊危害日僑事件，主要依據日俄戰爭期間被動掃蕩方針、調查報告與條約權限，採取兩面手法。對於未妨害日人利益者，善誘利導使馬賊為其所用；對於妨害者，或自行出動軍警取締，或要求中方協助搜查，依懲兇、道歉、賠償模式交涉善後。日方雖然為了緝兇而出動較多軍警搜查，然因成效有限，遂將責任歸咎中方。對日本政府而言，日僑安危固然重要，如何維繫南滿利權、與國際協調，進而擴大日本勢力，乃躋身國際之關鍵，是以在不危及日本權益的情形下，對馬賊多持不干涉主義。一戰後，鑒於裁軍風潮與中國訴諸國際欲回收利權，乃調整鐵道駐軍，以維持南滿利權。

Before the Russians and the Japanese exerted their influence on Manchuria, the elimination of mounted bandits had been a priority of Chinese local governments. Current scholarship primarily focuses on the confrontation and cooperation between Japan and bandits in Manchuria. Instead, this article emphasizes governance and contributes to the study of Manchurian history by investigating how the Japanese government understood the problem of bandits in Manchuria, and how it safeguarded Japan’s state interests by suppressing these bands of outlaws under Japanese colonial rule. The Japanese mainly relied on their experience of suffering from attacks launched by bandits during the Russo-Japanese War, their investigation work, and rights granted in the Manchuria Convention (1905) to enrich their understanding of the bandits and formulate solutions to this crisis between 1904 and 1922. The Japanese enticed those bandits who did not threaten their existence to work for them, while to cope with those bandits who jeopardized their interests, the Japanese not only mobilized their troops, but also sought help from the Chinese authorities to arrest and punish these lawbreakers, and to ask for compensation, apologies and measures to deal with the aftermath. Although the Japanese military and police carried out many searches, these operations were largely unsuccessful. Japan therefore attributed the ineffectiveness of bandit suppression campaigns to Chinese failures. From the Japanese government’s perspective, maintaining their state interests in Manchuria and expanding Japanese influence in the world by coordinating with international bodies was more vital than the safety of Japanese expatriates. Therefore, Japan did not prioritize bandit eradication unless Japan’s interests were jeopardized. Following the trend of disarmament and China’s demand for treaty repudiation, Japan therefore reduced the number of troops stationed near the railway lines in order to preserve its rights in southern Manchuria.