東漢至三國武陵郡的屯戍體系與武陵蠻

The Military Defense System and the Wuling Barbarians in Wuling Prefecture from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms

本文企圖通過近年出土的東漢與三國簡牘，配合傳世地理書，重建武陵蠻與東漢政權之間軍事衝突的路線，以及戰後延續至三國時代的屯戍體系概況。據本文考察，建武年間兩者的衝突集中在沅水的五溪地區和沅水下游，其次則是澧水流域。東漢政府為了在戰時與戰後抵禦和統治武陵蠻，沿著這兩個流域興建各種大小的屯戍與城池，建立起相當規模的屯戍體系。屯戍當中的人員，也從郡外的軍隊轉變成負擔日常力役的郡縣民，並有許多善蠻被招募。甚至於孫吳政權時，強制將蠻人編入軍中參與伐蠻戰爭。於此同時，孫吳政權在繼承東漢屯戍的佈署之外，還針對沅水與澧水流域在行政區劃上進行劃分，影響日後王朝統治湘西地區蠻人的基本格局。

This article attempts to rebuild the military conflict route between the Wuling barbarians (武陵蠻) and the Eastern Han government as well as the military defense system in Wuling Prefecture (武陵) by utilizing bamboo manuscripts and local histories from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three kingdoms. According to this research, the main military conflict zone between the Wuling barbarians and the Eastern Han government was in the basin of the Yuan River (沅水), and the area next in importance was the basin of the Li River (澧水) during the reign of the Jianwu Emperor (建武). Along the two rivers, the Eastern Han government built many fortresses and castles in order to defend themselves against and rule over the Wuling barbarians during wartime and in the postwar era. In this system of military defense, soldiers came from outside the prefecture at wartime later became local residents. At the same time, the Wuling barbarians were recruited into the army by the Eastern Han government and Sun Wu government. The Sun Wu government inherited the military defence pattern of the Eastern Han Government, and furthermore, conducted administrative district reforms in the Li River and Yuan River areas, which left an impact on the ruling patterns of future dynasties over the Wuling barbarians.