美國數據出境管理體制及中國因應

On the Data Export Management System of US and China's Response

美國對外利用多邊、複邊和雙邊談判機制在國際層面推動數據自由流動，對內卻嚴格限制出口管制、外商投資和國際司法協助中的數據出境。美國所倡導的數據跨境自由只是為了促進數據流入美國，從而加强美國對全球數據的掌握。不願免費供給國際公共物品、保護個人隱私和國家安全是美國限制本國數據出境的內在動因，而國際談判中美國所享有的贏集優勢則為其推行數據跨境自由規則提供了客觀便利。我國現行的數據出境管理規則大多同美國的規則存在對應關係，未來應該進一步明晰受管制的數據出境類型、安全評估的具體程序、本地存儲要求和國際司法協助中的數據出境規則，並在國際層面上爭取規則締結的話語權。

US uses multilateral, plurilateral and bilateral negotiation mechanisms to promote legislation on the free flow of data at the international level, while domestically, it strictly restricts the export of data in export control, foreign investment and international legal assistance. The free cross-border flow of data advocated by US is only to facilitate the flow of data into US, thereby strengthening its grasp of global data. US's unwillingness to provide free international public goods, the protection of personal privacy and national security are the internal motives for restricting the export of data from its own country. However, the advantage that US enjoys in international negotiations provides objective convenience for its implementation of rules concerning free cross-border flow of data. Most of China's current data export management rules correspond to those in the US. In the future, we should further clarify the types of controlled data export, the specific procedures of security assessment, local storage requirements and the data export rules in international legal assistance, and strive for the right to speak in the conclusion of rules at the international level.