美國司法長臂管轄權的演進邏輯

The Evolution Logic of Civil Long-Arm Jurisdiction in the U.S.

美國的司法長臂管轄權肇始於美國州際民事訴訟。州層面的司法長臂管轄權向聯邦層面的擴張體現為最低聯繫標準向全國性送達程序的擴張和長臂法令向《聯邦民事訴訟法》的擴張。美國的司法長臂管轄權包含於屬人管轄權，等價於特殊管轄權。司法長臂管轄權之啓動的判定規則是最低聯繫標準，包含“最低聯繫”和“公平”兩個要件。最低聯繫要件的演進邏輯有二：一是從强調“效果”到重視“行為”，二是聯邦層面的“聚合標準”與州層面的“引致標準”並行發展。公平要件的演進邏輯也有兩個：一是從强調“公平競爭”到注重“合理性”，二是從“單一考量”到“綜合衡量”。長臂管轄權的概念在向刑事領域擴張，但並未向行政領域擴張，而是與行政領域中功能相似的機制相融合，因為實質意義上的執法長臂管轄權的出現不晚於司法長臂管轄權。實質意義上的執法長臂管轄權具有擴張性，司法長臂管轄權具有審慎性。

Long-arm jurisdiction in the U.S. originated from interstate civil litigations. The expansion of the longarm jurisdiction from state level to federal level is reflected in the adoption of minimum contact test, including the two prongs of minimum contact and fairness, by the federal courts in terms of national service process and in the creation of long-arm provisions in the FRCP. Long-arm jurisdiction, which is equivalent to specific jurisdiction, is a kind of personal jurisdictions. Minimum contact test is the threshold rule for long-arm jurisdiction. For the prong of minimum contact, the federal courts have changed their eyes from 'effect' to 'conduct' and what should be noticed is that aggregate contact is adopted by the federal courts while disaggregation concerns the state courts. A more comprehensive review, rather than isolated examination, is widely accepted by the courts when they construe the fairness. Also, rational standard has become more popular than notion of fair play. The expansive concept of longarm jurisdiction is encroaching into the criminal domain, while long-arm jurisdiction in the substantive sense in administrative affairs has been existed for a period probably longer than that in civil suits. Notably, long-arm jurisdiction in administration is outstretched, which is a contrast to the prudent long-arm jurisdiction in civil cases.