國際投資協定中的土地徵收規制及其最新發展

Regulation of Land Expropriation in International Investment Agreements and Its Latest Development

相較於一般徵收，土地徵收與人權問題密切相關，對東道國造成的環境破壞程度更深，並且可能破壞東道國的土地改革和自然資源永久主權。國際投資協定（IIAs）最初並未規定土地徵收條款，直至21世紀初期，該條款才開始出現在東盟部分國家的雙邊投資協定（BITs）中，隨後在《區域全面經濟夥伴關係協定》（RCEP）中得到充分體現，這表明東道國規制權的增强，並反映出土地徵收規制的特定化將成為IIAs的新趨勢。近年來的土地徵收仲裁實踐表明，土地徵收條款的缺乏使得東道國的抗辯難以得到仲裁庭的支持，並且這些裁决也體現出不一致的特點。鑒於此，中國政府應當考慮在後續IIAs中納入土地徵收條款，同時制定和完善國內有關土地徵收法律法規。中國投資者也應當在投資前對東道國土地徵收條款的情况有所了解，並在投資過程中尊重東道國的法律規定。

Compared with general expropriation, land expropriation is closely related to human rights issues, causes deeper environmental damage to the host country, and may undermine the land reform and permanent sovereignty of natural resources of the host country. The international investment agreements (IIAs) did not initially stipulate the land expropriation clause. It was not until the early 21st century that this clause began to appear in the bilateral investment agreements (BITs) of some ASEAN countries, and then was fully reflected in the regional comprehensive economic partnership agreement (RCEP), indicating the enhancement of the regulatory power of the host country. It also reflects that the specialization of land expropriation regulation will become a new trend of IIAs. The practice of land expropriation arbitration in recent years shows that the lack of land expropriation clauses makes it difficult for the defense of the host country to be supported by the arbitration tribunal, and these awards are inconsistent. In view of this, the Chinese government should consider including land expropriation provisions in subsequent IIAs, and formulate and improve domestic laws and regulations on land expropriation; Chinese investors should understand the land expropriation provisions of the host country before investment, and respect the laws and regulations of the host country in the process of investment.