國際海底區域礦物資源開發收益分配機制的構建與執行

The Construction and Implementation of Revenue Distribution Mechanism of the Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the International Seabed Area

《“區域”內礦物資源開發規章》（《開發規章》）作為國際海底商業開發的前瞻性規則，其中關於開發後的收益分配的規定是國際社會關切的事項之一。在國際經濟新秩序的影響下，國際社會普遍接受了海底礦物資源“人類共同繼承財産”的法律地位，但對《開發規章》應如何分配“區域”開發所獲得的收益仍然存在分歧。《公約》與《執行協定》均要求國際海底管理局公平分配“區域”內所獲利益，但在國際海底管理局目前的《開發規章》草案文本中，關於收益分配的具體執行方案仍然存在空白，利益攸關方也莫衷一是。收益分配機制的實施一方面需要國際海底管理局建立承包者繳費制度，鼓勵承包者參與開發並且公平對待承包者與國際海底管理局雙方；另一方面需要國際海底管理局綜合考慮各國的政治、經濟、地理等因素制定公平分享標準。總體而言，收益分配機制在《開發規章》中的構建與執行需要發揮國際海底管理局的核心作用，平衡承包者、國際海底管理局、擔保國的利益，以適應目前深海採礦國際秩序的需要。

While the Regulations of the Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the Area ('Exploitation Regulations') are forward-looking set of rules for the international seabed commercial exploitation, in which regulations on the distribution of revenues after development are becoming a matter of the concerns for the international community. Under the influence of new economic order, the international community has generally accepted the legal status of seabed mineral resources as the 'common heritage of mankind', but there are still differences on how to allocate the revenues after the exploitation of the Area. Both the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the 1994 Implementation Agreement authorize the International Seabed Authority to formulate an equitable sharing mechanism for the deep sea mining, but in the current Draft Exploitation Regulations, there are still gaps in the specific implementation plan for the distribution of revenues; at the same time, the stakeholders are also at odds. On the one hand, the implementation of the revenue distribution mechanism requires the International Seabed Authority to establish a payment regime for contractors, encouraging contractors to participate in the exploitation and treating both private contractors and the International Seabed Authority fairly. On the other hand, the International Seabed Authority needs to comprehensively consider the political, economic, and geographical aspects and other factors of each country to establish equitable sharing standards. In general, the construction and implementation of the revenue distribution mechanism in the Exploitation Regulations need to highlight the central role of the International Seabed Authority, balancing the interests of contractors, the International Seabed Authority and the sponsoring 'states and working for the ultimate benefit sharing in order to adapt to the needs of the current international order of deep sea mining.