《海事勞動公約》的機制創新與中國海事勞動法治的銜接建議

Mechanism Innovation of Maritime Labour Convention and Suggestions on Improvement of China's Maritime Labour Regulation

如何以符合《海事勞動公約》的方式保護海員並有效解决涉外海員勞務合同糾紛，正日益成為中國涉外海事立法和司法審判的難題之一。文章基於規範分析，採取橫向與縱向比較方法，評析《海事勞動公約》吸引包括中國在內的眾多國家批准的機制創新，並透過中國對《海事勞動公約》及其修正案的建設性參與，挖掘中國在海員勞動保護方面的有益探索及存在的不足。為更好地實施該公約，文章建議以當前中國1992年《海商法》修改為契機，從立法層面構建以《海商法》“船員”章為核心的海事勞動法律體系，拓展銜接公約及其2016年和2018年修正案所要求的海員權益保障的廣度和深度，並增强內容的針對性；同時，建議從執法和司法層面完善海事三方協商、監督檢查和海事勞動爭議處理機制。

Currently it has been one of the critical legislative and judicial problems as to how to protect seafarers and how to tackle employment disputes for them in a way that is consistent with the Maritime Labour Convention. To this purpose, the article takes normative analysis both vertically and horizontally, commenting first on the regime innovations of Maritime Labour Convention that are attractive to a vast number of countries including China in terms of ratification. Then, the article compares the normative difference between China's domestic law and the requirements of the Maritime Labour Convention while recognizing China's constructive participation in the negotiation process of the convention and its amendments. Experience and deficiency are explored. To respond to the implementation problems, it is suggested that from the legislative level, with the present opportunity of the revision of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China (1992), the Chapter of Seafarers should be enriched in compliance with the requirements of the Maritime Labour Convention with full and pertinent substance. From the administrative and judicial levels, it is suggested that mechanisms regarding maritime tripartite consultation, inspection and supervision, as well as maritime labor dispute settlement, should be improved.