檳城福建話的語音系統描寫及詞彙討論

On the Penang Hokkien Phonetic System and Vocabulary

本文透過田野調查取得檳城當地的語料，整理出檳城福建話的語音系統，並對比其他學者的調查成果，讓檳城福建話的語言輪廓更具體。再對照中國漳州、龍海、同安、廈門與泉州等閩南次方言，凸顯檳城福建話的特色。檳城福建話有15個聲母，其中/b-（m-）、l-（n-）、g-（ŋ-）/呈現互補分佈，77個韻母，7個聲調，沒有陽上調。陰去調和陽去調處於未完全混合狀態，單字調音值雖有部分相同，但也有所差異。
檳城雖以華人比例為高，但與其他族群如馬來人、印度人的語言接觸頻繁，檳城福建話如何吸收外來詞彙？有什麼在地詞彙？語言之間的互動、對應方式亦是本文焦點。因此透過與馬來語借詞、英語借詞、詞彙借入方式這三方面的討論，整理檳城福建話的特色詞彙。
整體而言，檳城福建話仍保有漳州腔特色，如「毛褌白」此韻類仍以/uĩ/為主，少數唸/ŋ̍/，但亦有自己的語言變化，既存古又創新。

In this paper, we have compiled the phonological system of Penang Hokkien through fieldwork and compared it with the results of existing literature and research, so that the linguistic profile of Penang Hokkien can be more concrete. The language profile of Penang Hokkien was compared with the Minnan sub-dialects of Zhangzhou, Longhai, Tongan, Xiamen, and Quanzhou in China to identify the key characteristics of Penang Hokkien. Penang Hokkien has 15 initials, of which /b-（m-）, l-（n-）, and g-（ŋ-）/ show a complementary distribution, with 77 finals, 7 tones, and no Yang Shang tone. The yin qu tone and yang qu tone are not fully blended, and the tones of the individual characters are partially identical, but there are also differences.
Although Penang is made up of a high proportion of the ethnic Chinese population, it nevertheless has frequent contact with other ethnic groups such as Malays and Indians. How does Penang Hokkien absorb foreign vocabulary? What are the local vocabularies? The interaction between the languages is also the focus of this paper, including the exploration of three aspects of Penang Hokkien vocabulary: Malay loanwords, English loanwords, the method of introduction into the Penang Hokkien vernacular, thus compiling a vocabulary of characteristic Penang Hokkien.
In general, the Penang Hokkien dialect still retains the characteristics of the Zhangzhou accent, for example, '毛褌白' is still mainly pronounced as /uĩ/, with a few pronouncing it as /ŋ̍/, but it also has its own linguistic variations, which are both ancient in origin yet innovative.