探討葡萄之古今應用及生理功效──兼談《黃帝內經》黑色入腎之理論

Discussion on the Ancient and Modern Application and Physiological Effect of Grapes from the 'Huangdi Neijing' Black into the Kidney

根據2017年的數據統計，台灣洗腎的盛行率及發生率已是全球第一，從各種研究報告中指出，腎臟疾病的預防是台灣社會目前最應該加強的。在《黃帝內經》中醫傳承的養生醫典裡，提及五色對應五臟，《靈樞．五色篇》：「以五色命藏，青為肝，赤為心，白為肺，黃為脾，黑為腎。」，並在《靈樞．逆順篇》：「上工治未病，不治已病」及《素問．藏器法時論》：「五穀為養，五果為助」道出中醫強調預防醫學及水果重要性。本研究主要探討葡萄之古今應用及生理功效，兼談中醫理論—黑色入腎。葡萄為世界產量第三大的水果，將近80%都被釀成酒。有研究顯示：葡萄其富含的原花青素、花青素、白藜蘆醇及酚酸類等高清除自由基能力及高抗氧化力，並具有多種藥理學作用，包括抗腫瘤、抗心血管疾病、抗炎、抗氧化、抗血小板聚集等，能改善高血糖、高血脂以及其它糖尿病症狀，改善腎臟功能，減少尿蛋白，改善糖尿病早期腎損害，延緩糖尿病腎病的進展。另有研究中提到葡萄所攝取之劑量與抗氧化效果成正比，因此劑量也是一重要的醫學與食療的重要因素，依照有效成分計算，一成人（60kg）需要約0.078g/day的白藜蘆醇和1200 mL的葡萄汁。葡萄在中醫藥文獻中的記載能助腎祛邪、能攝精氣、歸宿腎臟、北人以葡萄強腎等，皆介紹了《內經》中黑色入腎的理論。本研究推論：如能將葡萄酒改成用新的葡萄多酚（無酒精）飲品，應用於日常食療中，對於健康之幫助值得期待。

The increasing population of kidney disease is a global problem and one of the top ten causes of death in Taiwan. From the 2017 USRDS statistics, Taiwan has the highest incidence and prevalence rates in the world. Compared with our medical back-end excellent nursing technology, the front-end prevention of kidney disease should be the most important thing in Taiwanese society at present. 'The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine' mentions that the five colors correspond to the five internal organs, 'Lingshu．Five Colors': 'The five colors are stored in the life, green is the liver, red is the heart, white is the lung, yellow is the spleen, and black is the kidney. Also, 'Lingshu．Nishun': 'Shang Gong treats diseases, but does not cure diseases'; 'Su Wen．Zang-fu Law': 'Five grains for nourishment, five fruits for help', stating that Chinese medicine emphasizes the importance of fruits in the diet, and The food-as-medicine concept of preventive medicine is best practiced. This study mainly discusses the ancient and modern application and physiological effects of grapes, and also discusses the theory of traditional Chinese medicine - black enters the kidney. Grape is the third largest fruit in the world. Nearly 80% of grapes are made into wine. They are called 'young fruit', and there are many descriptions in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Grapes are rich in phytochemicals, such as anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, resveratrol and phenolic acids, which have the ability to scavenge free radicals and have antioxidant properties. The whole fruit is pharmacologically active from the peel to the pulp and even the pit. Among them, the content of phytochemicals in grape seeds, grape skins are more than grape skins, and grape skins are more than fruits. Calculated according to the active ingredients, an adult (60kg) needs about 0.078g/day of resveratrol and 1200 mL of grape juice. There are many studies on the effects of grape phytochemicals on kidney diseases, such as: grape seed anthocyanins and resveratrol have kidney protective effects, improve kidney function, and reduce urinary protein. And other disease research, such as: inhibiting cancer cell migration, preventing age-related macular degeneration, increasing plasma resistance to oxidative stress, etc. Deduced from these findings, it is worthwhile to develop new grape polyphenol beverages using new agricultural biotechnologies, which will become a new trendy health drink other than wine.