整合大眾運輸導向發展之健康社區環境設計指標建構與城鄉差異下居民認同與感受之研究

Environment design integrated indicators of transportationoriented development-healthy community and the identification and experience of residents under urban-rural differences

為因應全球都市化發展，世界衛生組織(World Health Organization; WHO) 於西元1981 年開始推動健康城市(Healthy City) 與健康社區(Healthy Community) 願景，期以促進健康行為來保護與改善居民的生活品質為宗旨，綜觀台灣當前對於健康社區現況發展與學術上相關研究，目前尚缺乏一套完整的健康社區居住環境指標衡量系統，更無法分別針對台灣城市與鄉村環境加以妥當應用，據此，本研究以當前世界各大城市的都市設計理念中以交通運輸系統整合土地使用為主軸概念的大眾運輸導向發展的都市設計理念(Transit-Oriented Development; TOD)之觀點來輔助進行，以專家問卷運用模糊德爾菲法(Fuzzy Delphi Method; FDM) 建構評估指標；然而城市與鄉村居民對於整合指標的認同與感受卻不盡相同，故本研究依據上述所建構之指標，利用偏最小平方法結構方程式(Partial Least Squares SEM; PLS-SEM) 了解民眾對於城鄉健康社區環境設計認同與感受之關係與差異，研究之結果可作為相關單位健康城市與健康社區的規劃與策略擬定，本研究得致以下幾項研究成果與貢獻：
一、 以多準則評估方法建立考量健康社區與大眾運輸導向發展指標系統，除了能夠更切合實際需要規劃，更是過去規劃與研究所尚未探討的，共篩選出11 項整合指標；接續統整專家問卷與民眾問卷初步統計分析結果，發現「生存空間與安全性」與「大眾運輸服務範圍」是專家與民眾認同首要的發展之指標。
二、 以偏最小平方法結構方程式與獨立樣本t 檢定探討都市與鄉村居民對於城鄉健康社區環境設計認同與感受之關係與差異，發現城鄉居民在指標認同程度方面，「社區參與」、「土地混合使用」與「大眾運輸轉乘距離」有顯著的認同差異；在感受程度方面，「土地混合使用」、「大眾運輸轉乘距離」、「設施與綠地可及性」、「大眾運輸服務範圍」有顯著的感受差異；並驗證大眾運輸導向發展與健康社區之環境設計指標是相互影響並可以進行整合，且各指標能適於評估。
三、 本研究所進行的研究結果，可提供相關單位進行城市與鄉村之健康社區規劃與設計之參考。

In response to the development of global urbanization, the World Health Organization (WHO) began to promote the vision of Healthy City and Healthy Community in 1981, which aimed to encourage healthy behaviors to protect and improve the life quality of residents. However, current development and academic related research on healthy community in Taiwan still lacks a complete set of living environment indicators, and does not consider the differences between urban and rural environments. Accordingly, this research considers Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), an approach based on the current urban design concepts of major world cities and focusing on the integration of land use in transportation systems. Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) are used to filter and construct the integrated indicators. Based on these indicators, this study applies Partial Least Squares SEM (PLS-SEM) to understand the relationship and differences between residents’ identification and perception of healthy community environment design in urban and rural areas. This research has the following research results and contributions. (1) Multi-criteria evaluation is applied to establish an integrated indicator system of healthy communities and public transportation-oriented development, which has not been discussed in previous planning and research studies. This study adopts 11 integration indicators. The preliminary statistical analysis results of the integrated expert questionnaire and the public questionnaire demonstrate that “living space and safety” and “the scope of public transportation services” are the primary development indicators recognized by experts and the public. (2) The partial least square SEM method structural equation and independent sample T-test used applied to examine the relationship and differences in residents’ identification and experience of healthy community environmental design in urban and rural areas. T-test results demonstrate that urban and rural residents have “community participation” and “land mixing” in terms of the degree of identification of indicators. Perceptions of “mixed land use”, “transportation distance”, “accessibility of facilities and green space” and “scope of public transportation services” differ significantly by degree of experience. These results also confirm that the environmental design indicators of public transportation-oriented development and healthy communities affect each other and can be integrated, and each indicator is suitable for evaluation. (3) Analytical results provide references for the planning and design of healthy communities in cities and rural by related units.