跆拳道運動表現的體、技、智──試論抑制控制之重要性

Investigations into Factors Underlying Taekwondo Performance: The role of inhibitory control

跆拳道是一項膾炙人口的技擊類運動，除了被列為奧運項目之外，更是台灣的重點發展運動項目之一。在跆拳道比賽中，選手除了需要頻繁的快速移動腳步與具備強而有力的踢擊動作之外，更是需要靈活地運用戰術來幫助場上的即時判斷與決策。因此，跆拳道需要多元的訓練模式來幫助選手做全能發展。然而，國內對於影響跆拳運動表現之文獻探討仍相當缺乏。有鑒於此，為了更進一步瞭解影響跆拳道表現之可能因素，本篇文章將透過關鍵字選出相關文獻並加以評述，深入探討影響跆拳道運動表現的要素，包括能量系統、身體適能及專項技能等，並於後續進一步討論運動心理學對跆拳道選手的重要性，包括心理技能與認知功能之研究與應用。本研究將根據所整理之研究結果與趨勢，提出跆拳道教練及選手在未來訓練計畫安排之參考及應用，具體建議如下：有氧適能及無氧耐力訓練應按實際比賽情況調整訓練比重與強度，而競技體適能部分應針對專項特性著重於下肢肌力、敏捷、協調等能力實施針對性加強及訓練。此外，本文也建議未來可於常規的體能、專項技能之訓練基礎上，適時地融入心理技能及認知功能訓練，以幫助選手能在比賽中保持最佳心智與運動表現狀態。

Taekwondo is one of the most popular combat sports in the world as well as a major sport in Taiwan. During a taekwondo match, athletes are required to have not only frequent movement and powerful kicks but also flexible tactics that are vital for quick decision making. It is therefore necessary to understand diverse training strategies for supporting the development of expertise in taekwondo. However, domestic literature in this regard is still lacking. Accordingly, a narrative review is conducted to investigate factors that may affect taekwondo performance, including energy systems, physical fitness, and specific skills. Further, we discuss the importance and applications of psychological skills and cognitive function training in the sport. Based on the findings presented in this work, three suggestions are given to taekwondo coaches to design training procedures and recognize talent identification. For elaboration, the design for aerobic and anaerobic trainings for taekwondo athletes should take the actual competition situation into account. Regarding the skill-related fitness, it is recommended to focus on lower limb power, agility, dynamic balance, speed, and coordination. Lastly, it is helpful to integrate psychological skills and cognitive function training into the regular training program. In summary, we recommend taekwondo athletes to incorporate cognitive training centered around enhancing inhibitory control into evidence-based training in skill-related fitness and psychological skills to achieve the best performance in the sport. This review is expected to provide a direction for sports psychologists in examining future studies on the combination between cognitive science and taekwondo, consequently assisting taekwondo coaches and athletes in talent identification and training.