美國社區矯正工作人員與組織系統之介紹

Introducing Community Correctional Staff and Its Organizational Systems in the U.S.

綜觀美國社區矯正組織現況，包括私人經營的社區監督系統在內共有5大系統，而其中執行業務帶有強制拘束力的有3個：地方郡縣主辦的緩刑官系統、州矯正署主辦的假釋官系統、針對特殊罪犯處遇的衛生社福系統。目前全美假釋機構及緩刑機構合計3,108個，若將配合實施社區矯正的民間機構、衛生行政及社福行政機構合併計算，則有將近4千個社區矯正機關（構），連同例行性協助工作的志願服務者，整體人力超過8萬人。其體系之龐雜、系統結構之繁瑣，適如美國包納多元種族及多元文化的另一種體現。國人在借鏡美國社區矯正相關措施或組織模式時，通常忽略東西文化的差異，以及行政與司法框架的細節問題，尤其是衛生及社福系統在社區矯正的協作機制，因為是臺灣本土所沒有的機制，從而有想當然耳的推論。實則美國為精神病犯的司法精神住院治療、社區門診，設有社會復歸的轉銜機制，地區醫療衛生部門並配置相關人力協助從事特殊的社區矯正措施，其模式與臺灣迥異。緣此，本文爰以介紹彼邦組織制度為架構，附帶說明相關人員的功能及運作概況，俾提供有識者參考。

Looking at the current situation about the organization ofcommunity corrections in the United States, there are five majorsystems, including privately run community monitoring systems.Three of them are mandatory for enforcement: the probationofficer system sponsored by local counties, the parole officersystem sponsored by the State Corrections Department, and theofficial system for special criminal treatment of both health andsocial welfare systems. At present, there are 3,108 paroleinstitutions and probation institutions in the United States. If theprivate institutions, health administration, and social welfareadministrative institutions that cooperate with the implementationof community corrections are combined, there will be nearly4,000 community corrections institutions. The structure of thissystem is quite complex and cumbersome, just like other manifestations in the U.S., which embrace multi-racial andmulti-cultural characteristics. While previous studies introducedto the U.S. community corrective measures or organizationalmodels, they usually ignored the differences between Easternand Western cultures, as well as the details of the administrativeand judicial frameworks. Especially the coordinationmechanisms on community corrections about both health and thesocial welfare systems have largely been overlooked. Someinferences can be taken for granted because that is not availablein Taiwan. The U.S. has set up community corrective measuresand staffing-related manpower for judicial mental hospitalization,outpatient community clinic, and social rehabilitation formentally ill criminals. The treatment model of the U.S. is verydifferent from Taiwanese. For this reason, this article isstructured by introducing the organization system of communitycorrections in the United States, with a description of thefunctions and operations of the relevant personnel, to provide areference to the knowledgeable.