《正音新纂》中的南京官話音系及其切音設計

The Phonological and Romanization Systems of Nanking Guanhua in Zhengyin Xin Zuan

晚清的許多官話教材雖然轉以北方官話或者北京官話為主，也以北京官話音系作為拼音設計的基礎，然由於讀書音及南方官話的長期積累，許多官話書籍事實上雜揉了南北官話特點，便於取得較高的實用與流通價值。然而，仍有部分著作保留了較純粹的南京官話，讓我們得以觀察南京官話的樣貌。本論文以《正音新纂》（1902）為主要討論對象，並以德人何美齡《南京官話》（1902/1907）、以及中華教育會的《官話羅馬字》（1904）等書作為拼音參照。三書出版年相近，都出於傳教士之手，皆具有普及教育之實用目的，可互為參考。又因是傳教事業的基礎，故而重視音節的呈現，編纂體製有別於中國傳統音韻書。本文利用馬鳴鶴的編排方式，比較南京官話與南京方言文獻相關後，將前人研究所擬《正音新纂》音系進行了些微調整；並發現馬鳴鶴於南京官話切音設計中，結合了傳統漢字切音以及英語音節拼音的特色，本文最末亦對馬氏的切音（拼音）進行了評價。

Several Mandarin dictionaries or teaching materials written during the late Qing dynasty share a common trend; that is, the adopted Mandarin phonological systems were primarily based on the Peking or northern Guanhua 官話 dialects instead of its southern counterpart, but in reality, these Peking Guanhua textbooks included pronunciation styles and forms that inherit from traditional or southern Guanhua phonetics. Within this context, a portion of these materials retain a ＂pure＂ form of southern Guanhua, especially Nanking Guanhua, awaiting us to research. The present paper focuses on Zhengyin xin zuan正音新纂, a text on Nanking Guanhua written by Ma Minghe馬鳴鶴 (?-?) in 1902 which refers to other Mandarin textbooks authored or edited by Western missionaries, such as Karl Ernst Georg Hemeling's (1878-1925) Die Nanking Kuanhua (1902/1907) as well as The Standard System of Mandarin Romanization: Introduction, Sound Table, and Syllabary (1904) published by the Education Association of China. These three works can be used as a reference for one another as all were published just a few years apart by missionaries and have a practical purpose pertaining to popular education. Moreover, being based on the endeavors of missionary work, they differ from traditional Chinese phonetic books in that they attach importance to the presentation of phonetics. Specifically, this paper attempts to discuss two aspects: (1) reexamine the full syllable chart of Zhengyin xin zuan and rebuild its phonological system of Nanking Guanhua; and (2) evaluate the pros and cons of Ma Minghe's teaching strategies underlying the work's Nanking Guanhua syllable chart.