有關自動駕駛的刑事法諸問題

Automated Driving and Criminal Law

從涉及「自動駕駛」的自然人的刑事責任開始，到設想為完全自動駕駛的、控制自動駕駛的AI 的刑事責任的可能性，當今的刑法學界圍繞這些問題展開了激烈的爭論。為了將自動駕駛車輛（AV）投入實際使用，必須將不可避免的事故的概率降低到社會可接受的水平（「容許危險」）。這一水平是「不歸責於任何人的事故」的社會容忍之限度。其次，關於AV（控制它的AI）本身的刑事責任，只要「刑事責任」的實質對AI 的行為舉止也適用，那麼就應予以確認。但是，如果AI 具有標準的規範和道德能力，則對其造成的事故沒有「刑事責任」。此外，如果AI 可以承擔刑事責任，作為前提，就要在法律上使它與自然人對等、平等。再者，除了「駕駛人」（乘車人）外，與自動駕駛相關的法律責任還需要分為汽車所有人、汽車製造商、控制程式開發人員、數據提供人員、國家與地方公共團體的相關人員來進行探討。此外，對於諸如「電車難題」之類的以犧牲少數人為代價來拯救大量人的緊急事態應對程式，需要的是社會規範本身的深化與發展。另外，關於伴隨乘車人犧牲的「自我犧牲程式」，也需要依據緊急避難的原理來解決。最後，為了普及自動駕駛，還應該探討以下問題，駛執照制度的未來、應該選擇公共交通設施還是家用車、交通法規的修訂以及通過事故調查制度避免刑事責任。

In order to put an automatic driving vehicle (AV) into practicaluse, it is necessary to reduce the probability of unavoidable accidentsto a socially acceptable level. That level is the socially acceptablelimit for 'accidents that are not attributed to anyone.'Next, regarding the criminal liability of AV (the AI that controlsit) itself, as long as the essence of 'criminal liability' is valid for thebehavior of AI, it should be affirmed. However, if AI has standardnormative and moral capabilities, there is no 'criminal liability' forthe accidents it causes. In addition, if AI can be held criminallyliable, it requires equality and equality with natural persons in thelaw.In addition, it is necessary to consider the legal responsibilitiesof persons involved in autonomous driving separately for 'driver'(occupant), automobile owners, automobile manufacturers, controlprogram developers, data providers, and national and local governments.Furthermore, for emergency response programs that save a largenumber of people at the expense of a small number of people, such asthe 'trolley problem,' the norms of society themselves need to bedeepened and developed. In addition, it is necessary to solve the'self-sacrifice program' that involves the sacrifice of occupantsbased on the principle of emergency evacuation.Finally, in the spread of autonomous driving, the future of thedriver's license system, the choice of public transportation or privatecars, the review of traffic laws, and the avoidance of criminalliability by the accident investigation system should be considered.