古玩交易中意思表示瑕疵的認定與適用

Identification and Application of the Defected Intention Expression in Antique Trading

合同雙方無約定或約定不明時，如何通過查明當事人表示行為來確定其意思，關鍵在於對雙方的意思表示如何解釋。存在意思表示瑕疵的交易，因其可能被撤銷而更值得關注。古玩交易這個特定的場域，恰為全面探討意思表示瑕疵提供了一個極為典型的場景。根據古玩交易不保真的行業慣例和購買人實物查看的傳統，一旦購買則不能認定購買人意思表示有瑕疵，更不能以此否定合同效力。在雙方當事人未明確買賣標的時，不存在意思表示瑕疵，也不存在意思表示不自由與不一致的問題。古玩交易因其獨特的交易習慣而具有較大的特殊性，若當事人未對交易的“古玩”加以明確，則按照無約定或約定不明處理，適用交易習慣而認定不構成意思表示瑕疵，相應的合同有效。如果當事人對“古玩”有明示的意思表示，則可視情況認定為欺詐或重大誤解。欺詐與重大誤解不屬 競合關係，應當特定化其制度內容，將因欺詐導致的錯誤排除在重大誤解制度之外。“古玩”交易中一般情況下並無顯失公平制度的適用餘地。

When there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear between the two parties, how to find out the intention of the party which lies in the behavior would focus on the interpreting of the wishes of both parties. Transactions with defected declaration are more noteworthy because they may be reversed. The antique trading provides a very typical scene for a comprehensive discussion of the defected declaration. According to the commercial practice of self-assumption of risks and the tradition of the purchaser's actual inspection in antique transactions, once the contract is concluded, there is no defected declaration, nor can it deny the validity of the contract. When the two parties do not specify the subject matter of contract, there is no defected declaration, and there is no problem of freedom and inconsistency in the declaration of will. Antique transactions have great particularity due to their unique trading habits. If the parties do not clarify the 'antiques' of the transaction, they will be dealt as no agreement or unclear agreement, and the transaction habits will be applied to determine that it does not constitute a defect in the declaration and the contract is valid. If the parties clearly indicate their declaration of will, it may be deemed as fraudulent declaration or significant misconception. Errors caused by fraud declaration should be excluded from the significant misconception system. There is generally no room for the application of unfairness system in the transaction of 'antiques'.