冷戰與馬來亞左翼（反）國語運動

Cold War and (Anti) National Language Movement by Malayan Chinese Leftists

本文探討冷戰背景下有關馬來語文的語言運動，它的起源是馬來語文在19世紀末面對西方殖民主義─現代性下引起的一個長時段語言運動。本文將指出四點，首先馬來語文現代化乃由多個不同背景的群體參與，過程中或有張力或有黏合，這當中包括了華人、馬來人、國家、社會、資本等。其次，本文分析國際冷戰對國語運動的影響，對左翼運動而言，國語運動是一場對帝國主義、殖民主義和國內反動派的抗爭的一部分。由於他們當中有許多人被打壓成為政治犯，這種抗爭延續到大眾所看不見的場域，把扣留營轉換為抗爭基地與文化生產場域。其三，國語運動的推動至少由三種不同的政治意識型態支撐，包括基於社會契約的公平觀、單一民族國家的平等和民族平等原則。最後，本文將指出，隨著華裔左翼運動的激進化，民族平等原則發展出以普通話反抗國語的論述。

This paper discusses about Malay language movement during Cold War period. The language movement, as a response to the invasion of western colonies, has started since the late of 19th century. Four major points are addressed in this paper: Firstly, the modernization of Malay language involved different ethnic groups, with their conflicts and cooperation along the way. Secondly, the movement was deemed as a form of anti-imperialism and anti-colonialism carried out by the leftists, a group of people who had been oppressed. Although majority of them were arrested and detained, they had transformed the detention camp as their field of cultural reproduction to continue their struggle. Thirdly, there were at least three political ideologies behind the national language movement. Lastly, “Putonghua” was promoted as a counter to national language movement by the Chinese leftists who became more radical under the influence of Chinese Cultural Revolution.