冷戰1950、1960年代新馬文學：以《大學論壇》（新）和《蕉風》（馬）兩大期刊為討論對象

The Cold War and Chinese literature in Singapore and Malaysia: Cases studies of the ＂University Tribune＂ and ＂Chao Foon＂

南洋大學學生會的喉舌《大學論壇》，誕生於南洋大學成立之際，之後歷經殖民政府、自治政府兩個階段，最終遭新加坡政府停辦，停辦原因是刊載文章中有強烈的左翼色彩。《大學論壇》因由左翼立場的南洋大學學生會主辦，刊物政治傾向鮮明，不論是社論或重要文章都在不斷地評論時政，這使得剛剛從英國殖民者那裡取得自治權的新加坡政府，很快便將其視為翦除的對象，欲為實施新的國家政策掃清障礙。同一時期，吉隆坡的《蕉風》也面臨一次大危機，從創刊開始，就擺脫不了它的後臺是由美國中央情報局資助的友聯公司，綠背文化背景讓我們很容易就把它定位為右翼文學範疇。從1955年在馬來亞創刊，它就言明秉承的是立足馬來亞本土文化的純文學理念，但在那個時代，純文學本身就是一種與中國大陸流行的社會主義現實主義不同的政治姿態。1969年前後，白垚的劇本《漢麗寶》發表後，讓《蕉風》的編輯們嚇出了一身冷汗。這部演繹明代公主和番的民間故事的劇作，生不逢時地遇到了1969年的「5．13事件」。編輯們對《漢麗寶》的處理過程及相關文化人的評論姿態，一方面表現出南來新馬的中國文人的政治禁忌心理，另一方面也為我們展示了冷戰格局下本土政治對文化生態的巨大影響。本文將從冷戰格局下的新馬政治、新馬兩地自治政府的政策，以及左、右翼兩股文化力量的歷史命運等三個方面入手，嘗試從一種歷史敘事和文化制度雙重視野的觀照，勾勒歷史中的知識份子的命運，讓我們能夠更深入地感受和理解1950、1960年代新馬文學的生存狀態和創作姿態。

University Tribune', the most important publication of Nanyang University Student Union, was published in the periods of colonial rule and self-government (1958-1961). It was then banned by the Singapore government because of its 'leftist affiliation'. In Kuala Lumpur, 'Chao Foon' was also in crisis when it published 'Hang Li Poh' in 1969. The play told a Ming Dynasty Princess who married the sultan of Sultan Melaka. In 1969, '13 May incident' occurred in Kuala Lumpur, which was a Sino-Malay sectarian violence. The racial riots led to the declaration of a state of national emergency, while the National Operations Council (NOC), also known as the MajlisGerakan Negara, was established as a caretaker government to temporarily govern the country between 1969 and 1971. Under political pressure, the editors of ＂Chao Foon＂ released the news of the play in different publications carefully in order to avoid unnecessary political troubles. My paper focuses on three points, the Cold War politics, the Singapore and Malaysia self-government policy, as well as the leftist and rightist political attitudes, to analyze the relationships between the intellectuals and political environment, especially the Cold War, in the period from 1950 to 1970.