六○年代泰國的《僧團法》、僧伽大學及農民子弟僧：以政教關係和教育社會學為線索

Sangha Act, Monastic University and Peasant Monk in the 1960s: Perspectives of Politico-Religious Relationship and Sociology of Education

現代泰國上座部的僧伽教育，在僧團的現代轉型中扮演重要角色。本文以政—教關係和教育社會學為兩道主要的線索，討論六○年代泰國僧伽教育的演變，及其與官方和社會的關係。除前言與總結以外，正文由三節組成。第一節討論六○年代前段的僧伽教育改革，重點放在毘蒙曇長老的僧伽大學理念，是如何在三版《僧團法》和軍事獨裁的陰影下被催生下來。第二節循教育社會學的角度，探討在六○年代後期，伊森農民的出家子弟把在僧伽大學所習得的社會科學新知識，透過民權啓蒙的方式，回饋於農民。第三節討論七○年代學僧借助要求重拾以西式民主原則而建立的二版《僧團法》，來表達變革僧團和社會之訴求，並進一步探討此一階段的學僧異議聲音，如何預示了八○、九○年代持續擴大的學僧社會運動。

The monastic higher education has played a significant role in the modern transformation of the Theravada monastic communities (sangha) at Thailand. This article is a systematical analysis on the interaction among the reformation of the monastic education, Thai society and the Thai government at 1960's, in the contexts of politico-religious relationship and sociology of education. The article is composed of three major sections. In Section One, the reformation of monastic higher education taken at the first half of 1960's will be discussed, under the light of why, and how, the Thai military dictatorship then is willing to actualize Phra Phimonlatham's modernization project of monastic education, through the legal support from the Sangha Act III. In Section Two, we will investigate how the Thai peasant communities' sense of civil right was enlightened by the younger generation of Isan peasant monks at 1960's, who are trained in humanities and social science under the new syllabus of higher education. The Section Three is an analysis on the educated monastic communities' urging of social and monastic reformation, through the call out of restoring the Sangha Act II, which is said to be based on the modern Western political principle of democracy. The Thai monastic social movements of civil right since 1980's and 1990s are connected to, and encouraged ideologically by, their predecessors of 1960's will be discussed as well.