東南亞客家認同的形成與侷限

The Formation and Limitation of Hakka Identity in Southeast Asia

研究顯示由於受到歷史、社會與政治等環境的結構限制，東南亞的客家認同分別受到來自當地民族的民族主義以及華人作為一個整體的華人性所擠壓，因此我們會經常發現在東南亞的公共領域裡，客家語言與文化是隱形的。跟19世紀的情況比較起來，我們可以發現在現今大多數的東南亞國家中，「成為一個客家人」的差異與歷史的變遷。這些都是東南亞客家認同結構限制的結果。然而，東南亞客家人的客家性或客家認同並沒有因此全盤消失，只是它以其他的形式存活下來。本論文將檢視歷史、社會與政治所加諸於東南亞客家認同的結構限制，同時，亦將釐清當代東南亞國家中客家性與客家認同論述的發展，特別是以馬來（西）亞（涵括新加坡）的例子為主，中間亦會提及印尼客家人的例子。而在結論的部分，本論文將藉東南亞客家人的客家性與台灣的客家族群認同之比較，來更進一步討論之間的異同以及其在理論上的意涵。

Studies have shown that, given the structural limitations imposed by historical, social and political circumstances, the Hakka identity in Southeast Asia is squashed both by the nationalism of indigenous people on the one hand, and the Chineseness of the ethnic Chinese groups as a whole on the other. Therefore, it is not surprising to observe that, in the public spheres of Southeast Asia, Hakka language and culture are virtually invisible. Compared to the situation during the 19th century, we can see the differences and changes of ”being a Hakka” in most of the Southeast Asian states today.These are the results of structural limitations for the Hakka identity in Southeast Asia. However, the Hakka identity or the Hakkaness among the Hakka people in Southeast Asia has not disappeared altogether. It survives, albeit in different forms. In this article, we intend to examine those structural limitations imposed by historical, social and political factors upon the Hakka people in Southeast Asia. We then clarify the development of Hakkaness and its discourse of Hakka identity in contemporary Southeast Asian states, especially in Malaya (including Singapore) /Malaysia. In some cases, the Hakka of Indonesia will also be mentioned.In conclusion, a comparison between the limited Hakkaness in Southeast Asia and the rising and consolidating Hakka identity in Taiwan is attempted.