越南河內與順化佛教伽藍配置差異的分析

A Comparison Analysis on the Differences between the Vietnamese Buddhist Temples in Hanoi and Those in Hue (in Chinese)

根據本文分析，河內與順化佛教伽藍配置存在前者為「工」字形主殿空間與後者「重檐疊屋」之建築形態的不同。只是這種差異，不只表現在兩地的佛教寺院上，也表現在兩地的傳統聚落中心建築「亭」的建築上。這說明了它們之間的差異是出於兩地文化背景的不同。更進一步，也因南北的政治對立的歷史因素，使中南部的阮氏政權迴避北部鄭氏政權，直接從中國福建聘請佛教高僧前來順化弘法，讓中南部的佛教法脈直接聯繫上中國本土，讓順化佛教寺院不以追隨河內佛教寺院之傳統為目標。還有，河內的佛教寺院主殿建築以「工」字形配置為主，從可驗證的歷史資料，得知其成熟的形式之出現可上推至200多年前。若觀之以現存的亭建築，則這種越北的建築「工」字形配置出現可上推至300多年前。另一方面，順化的「重檐疊屋」的佛教寺院可以上溯100多年前就已經出現，但以宮殿類型為例，則這種建築配置可上溯至十九世紀初期。

This paper is based on two earlier presented papers at the 2004 and 2005 ”Annual Conference on Southeast Asia Area Study in Taiwan.” The topic of the former paper relates to the layout of a temple building in Hue, in central Vietnam, and the other paper relates to the layout of a temple located around Hanoi, in the northern part of Vietnam. Results of an analysis of the two papers are: the main building of temples in and around Hanoi are designed like Chinese character '工' shaped architectural plan. In contrast, the temple's main building in Hue is formed with two paralleled connected buildings-adjacent eaves buildings.The difference of the layout between the middle and northern Vietnamese building is found not only with temple design, but also the design of community halls, 'dinh', in traditional Vietnamese villages. That is to say, while the building with the Chinese character '工' shaped architectural plan is the common building type in the northern part of Vietnam, building layout in central Vietnam is arranged as two paralleled eaves structures-connected eaves buildings are common in central Vietnam.Depending on the stone inscription and the building type of those traditional 'dinh', the following results are：temples with a Chinese character '工' shaped plan have appeared at least 300 years ago. In contrast, temples that are arranged as two paralleled, connected buildings were built about 100 years ago. Furthermore, referring to the Palace of Nguyen, the last empire of Vietnam, built in 1802, this building type surely would have appeared more than 200 years ago.