由《夷堅志》續書二種探討金元之際「孕產」母題反映之文化意蘊

The Cultural Implication Reflected by the Motif of“Maternity”during Jin and Yuan Dynasties: A Discussion from two Sequels of“Yi Jian Zhi”

金元時期政治動盪不安，社會秩序混亂，人民朝不慮夕，引發對生命議題的熱中探討，且包括懷孕生產敘事的蓬勃發展。成書於此間的元好問《續夷堅志》和吳元復《湖海新聞夷堅志》兩部志怪小說集，除大量記載孕產敘事外，也因為多有自前代取材，尤能呈現宋代以來乃至金末元初社會對懷孕現象、因果報應等議題的認知，不僅内容呼應當時社會儒釋道思想相融現象，在歷史上也有一定的重要性和影響力。根據研究顯示，此二書中的孕產敘事係投胎轉世為樞紐，透過前後不同生命的接續現象，個人意識在不同個體流轉情形，說明生命是一種永恆的存在，所為善惡都將在累生累世中得其果報。為強化勸人行善去惡的道德論述，還以個人境遇的異常現象，藉由外在形體的變異，說明是前世為惡、父母作為或現世報造成；至若子孫帶來的各種精神折磨，則乃品格缺陷的警示。藉此滿足時人對來世禍福不安和充滿期待的心理，也使動亂世代下所有不公現象和不安情緒得獲寬慰。

During the periods of Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the instable political situation and the chaotic social order made people live in constant fear for their doom and keenly probe into life issues that included the vigorous development of narration on maternity. Published in this period, the two weird novels of Yuan Haowen’s “Xu Yi Jian Zhì” and Wu Yuanfu’s “Huhai Xinwen Yi Jian Xu Zhì” recorded a great amount of narration on maternity. Since most of them drew materials from the previous dynasties, they presented the social recognition of issues about maternity and karma from Song dynasty to late Jin and early Yuan. The content not only responded to the fusion of thought of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism at that time, but also occupied certain significant and influential position from historical aspect. According to the research, the maternity narration in these two books took reincarnation as the hinge. Through the consecutive phenomenon of different lives and the circulation of individual consciousness on diverse bodies, they declared that life was an eternal existence and all the good and evil deeds would receive their retribution for the generations. To strengthen the moral arguments on urging people to do kind acts and exterminate the evil, they used the abnormal phenomenon of personal circumstance to specify that changes in external appearance were the results of the evil deeds in past life, parents’ conducts or instant karma. If one was suffered from the mental distress caused by their descendants, it could be the warnings of character defect. These satisfied the senses of insecurity and expectation toward the fortune of next life for people at that time. Also, all the injustice and insecure emotion during the turbulent times were greatly relieved.