民間信仰與記憶政治：延平郡王祠與國族認同建構

Folk Religion and Memory Politics: Yanping Junwang Temple and the Construction of National Identity

民間信仰活動如何可能影響國家的國族建構行動？如何將民間信仰放入國族建構研究之中，以補充台灣當代國族認同的研究？本文以延平郡王祠所奉祀的鄭成功為例，從記憶政治的角度切入，以歷史敘事為焦點，討論民間信仰活動與國族建構之間的相互關係。從清代、日治、國民黨政府一直到民進黨政府，與鄭成功相關的歷史敘事，是歷代政權國族建構中的重要環節，而國家對鄭成功的敘事重構必須得到民間認同，需滿足國家封敕、生前義行與神蹟敘事等影響神明靈力和正統性的三個要素，才能發揮預期的政治效果。台灣社會興起本土化浪潮後，古蹟地景作為全球化下的文化觀光產業，導致「壟斷地租」等資本主義商業邏輯開始涉入鄭成功的歷史敘事建構，而中共政權的力量也透過兩岸宗教交流與鄭成功文化節而進入台灣記憶政治的場域。本文描述了鄭成功作為台灣國族建構的關鍵性歷史人物，有關他的歷史敘事除了民間信仰本身之外，如何受到國家與文化經濟力量所影響。

How might folk religion influence a nation’s nation-building actions? How to incorporate folk religion into national construction research to complement research on contemporary national identity in Taiwan? Taking Zheng Cheng-gong enshrined in the Yanping Junwang Temple as an example, this paper discusses the relationship between folk religion and national construction from the perspective of memory politics, focusing on historical narratives. From the Qing Dynasty to Japanese rule, the Kuomintang government to the DPP government, the historical narrative related to Zheng Cheng-gong is an important link in the construction of the regime and nation in successive dynasties. The state’s narrative reconstruction of Zheng Cheng-gong must to gain public recognition. Only three elements that affect the spiritual power and legitimacy of gods, such as the edict, the righteous deeds during his lifetime, and the narrative of miracles, can achieve the expected political effect. After the wave of localization emerged in Taiwanese society, historical sites and landscapes have become destinations for the cultural tourism industry under globalization, and capitalist business logic such as“monopoly rent”has begun to become involved in Zheng Cheng-gong’s historical narrative construction. This article describes how Zheng Cheng-gong, a key historical figure in Taiwan’s nation-building, has been influenced by national and cultural economy forces in addition to the folk religion itself.