晚明清初供奉瓷之器用及其流通

The Usage of Worshipping Porcelain Vessels and their Circulation during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

一般陶瓷學者認為，帶有題記供養款的供俸瓷器多為順治時期的標準器。不過，從現存傳世品來看，這類供俸瓷器主要流行於晚明至清前期，且從供養款的題記可知捐贈者多為瓷器生產地的商人、官員和百姓，以景德鎮窯產區的江西或徽州商人最大宗。本文從供養款供俸瓷器的器型、紋樣題材、捐贈人籍貫、供養款語句分析，探討晚明清初位於窯業產區的消費者，因瓷器製品易得，從而發展出將帶有供養款之供器供俸於祠廟寺觀的器用行為。帶有供養款的祠廟瓷質供器並不流行於江南地區，而江南地區的上層文人自萬曆晚期開始，則不斷推出有關於器物賞鑒的書籍，教導讀者如何在私人佛堂之中挑選與擺設清供瓷器。清供瓷器代表上層文人的器用美學如何佈置在私人的空間場域中，與同時期瓷器生產地銷售的祠廟供器有很大的差異，本文比較兩者的器用行為，分析晚明清初時期瓷器生產區使用者與江南文人的供俸瓷器器用的差異之處。

In the field of ceramics history, the porcelain vessels that carry a devotional inscription are commonly recognized as the standard pieces produced during Shunzhi’s reign. However, when examining those vessels preserved since the 17th century, one would find that those vessels with a devotional inscription were mostly fashionable during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties; and judging from the content of the inscriptions, one would know that the patrons were mostly from the local people, officers and merchants at the kiln sites. Among them, the majority were the merchants from Jiangxi or Huizhou at Jingdezhen, the important site of porcelain manufacture. This article analyzes the shapes of devotional porcelain vessels, the subjects of decorative patterns, the origin of patrons, and the contents of the devotional inscriptions to discuss the behavior of offering the porcelain vessels with a devotional inscription in a temple that generated from the areas that are close to the consumers by the porcelain manufacturing site. Those worshipping porcelain vessels carrying a devotional inscription enshrined in temples were not fashionable in the Jiangnan region. The upper class literati in the Jiangnan region published books on the subject of the connoisseurship of objects since the late Wanli period to instruct the reader how to select and arrange the porcelain vessels in their private spaces for worshipping. Porcelain for literati studio represents the esthetics and taste of the upper class literati and illustrates how the objects were used in their private spaces. This article also compares the different usage of worshipping porcelain vessels by the local consumers near the porcelain manufacturing sites and by the Jiangnan literati.