《大學》、《中庸》之「誠」──由制度與思想的互動論中唐儒學之轉折

“Sincerity”in The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean：On the Transition of Confucianism in the Mid-Tang Dynasty from the Interaction between the Imperial Examination System and Thought

「由五經至四書」的詮釋典範轉移，已是思想史研究領域中一重要課題。本文以《大學》、《中庸》之「誠」為概念核心，比對鄭玄、朱熹注本，彰顯漢代以鄭玄為代表的前期儒學中「外治」傾向的解經模式，以及朱熹本體、工夫兼該之哲學體系，兩者之間的鮮明差異。據此，筆者認為：解經模式的變化，與選、任官制度在隋唐時期之轉折密切相關。由於「廢鄉官」、「行科舉」等中央集權化之官制改革，改變士人與所屬鄉里間之依存關係，消弭過去作為入仕標準之鄉里評鑑；前者造成「人－－土」之連結斷裂，後者則將「德－－政」之入仕模式一變而為「才－－政」，導致成德判準的失卻與成德依據之架空，學者之心逐漸沈淪，諸多困境在中唐前後顯現。中唐以降，學者試圖以「誠」重新安頓價值根源，立其本體、建構工夫，以矯正人心。如此由外而逐步朝向內省的思維轉向，在中唐前後逐步顯豁，爾後不僅促成宋明儒學的興起，亦帶動《大學》、《中庸》經典化歷程的展開。

The paradigm shift in interpretation of “from the Five Classics to the Four Books” has become an important topic in the field of intellectual history research. This essay takes the concept of “sincerity” in “The Great Learning” and “The Doctrine of the Mean” as the core concept and compares Zheng Xuan and Zhu Xi’s annotations. It highlights the sharp difference between the early Confucianism represented by Zheng Xuan in the Han Dynasty and Zhu Xi’s philosophical system. Based on this, I believe that the change in the direction of classic interpretation is clearly related to the changes in the system of selecting and appointing officials during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Due to the development of centralized systems such as “the Abolishment of Local Bureaucrats” and “the Practice of National Examination for Service”, the original dependency relationship between the intellectual and his village has been changed. The rural evaluation system, which was the standard for selecting officials in the past, was abolished. As a result, the “people-land” connection was broken, and the original “moral-political” official selection model changed to a “talent-political” model. The impact of this change is that scholars’ moral criteria have been lost and their moral basis has become hollow. Many dilemmas gradually emerged around the Mid-Tang Dynasty. Since the Mid-Tang Dynasty, scholars have tried to use the concept of “sincerity” to re-settle the roots of value to correct people’s moral thinking. Such a turning of thinking from the outside to the inner reflection gradually appeared before and after the Mid-Tang Dynasty. After that, it not only promoted the rise of Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, but also promoted the journey of “The Great Learning” and “The Doctrine of the Mean” to become classics.