政府與雇主強制接種疫苗及使用疫苗接種資訊法律問題

Legal Issues of Government and Employers' Mandatory Vaccination and the Use of Vaccination Information

為控制COVID-19疫情，各國政府陸續核發緊急使用授權（EUA），讓一些新疫苗及早上市使用。這些新疫苗研發時間短，在真實世界使用經驗有限，關於疫苗安全仍有某些科學不確定性，以致某些民眾不願接種疫苗。當政府與企業雇主為維護公共衛生、恢復經濟活動，可否強制命令人民、勞工接種疫苗？雇主可否要求員工接種疫苗才能回職場工作？可否為了公共衛生、人力資源管理目的而蒐集個人接種疫苗資訊？本文調查研究各國及臺灣法令政策，提出以下主要發現或意見：一、強制全民接種疫苗屬於國際少數特例，各國強制接種政策主要適用於醫護人員或政府公務員；二、傳染病防治法未授權政府以直接人身強制方式接種疫苗；三、臺灣政府可用其他間接方法（如營業許可、行政監督考核）使勞工接種疫苗；四、疫情未失控時政府不宜強制使用疫苗接種資訊（疫苗護照）作為國內公共場所通行證；五、除政府法令要求特定產業勞工強制接種，雇主無權禁止未接種疫苗勞工進入職場工作；六、如果沒有法令明確規定，原則上雇主不得蒐集、使用受僱人、求職者疫苗接種資訊，也不得根據疫苗接種資訊從事就業歧視行為；七、政府與雇主以獎勵方式取代強制接種比較符合比例原則，更有助於維持社會及勞資關係和諧。

From 2020, many countries have issued emergency useauthorization (EUA) to allow new vaccines to be used. Thedevelopment time and real-world use experiences of these new vaccinesare relatively short. Some people are reluctant to be vaccinated becauseof the scientific uncertainty about vaccine safety. Can government andemployers ask people and workers to be vaccinated or use personalvaccination information?This article investigates the laws and policies in Taiwan andvarious countries and provides some findings and legal opinions: 1.Mandatory universal vaccination is a rare exception in the world, andcompulsory vaccination policies in most countries are limited tomedical staff and government employees; 2. In Taiwan, the Communicable Disease Control Act does not authorize the governmentto vaccinate people physically; 3. The Taiwan government can use someindirect methods (such as business permits, administrative supervision)to vaccinate workers; 4. The government should not force the use ofvaccination information or vaccine passport in domestic traffic when thepandemic is not out of control; 5. Except for governmental mandatoryvaccination in specific industries, employers have no legal right toprohibit unvaccinated workers from entering the workplace in Taiwan;6. If there is no legal requirement, employers are not allowed to collectand use vaccination information for employees and job applicants, andemployers should not discriminate against workers based on vaccinationinformation; 7. For maintaining the harmony of society and labormanagementrelations, the government and employers can useincentives to encourage people and workers to be vaccinated, replacingcompulsory vaccination.