1924-1925年間蘇聯的農村危機與政策調整

Rural Crisis and Policy Adjustment in the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1925

大陸學界廣泛認為，新經濟政策時期蘇聯農民的負擔與軍事共產主義時期相比有所減輕，社會矛盾總體呈緩和態勢。然而，筆者在研讀1924-1925年蘇聯國家安全機關檔案和農民書信等一手史料的過程中，卻發現與慣常認識相左的大量材料，證明當時蘇聯農村部分地區出現了危機—恐怖行動、「土匪」運動、起義暴動等農民反抗運動此起彼伏，工農聯盟亦出現較大裂隙。這些材料說明學界對新經濟政策具體實施過程的研究仍待深化。本研究發現，1924-1925年農村出現危機的歷史背景，與蘇聯處於社會主義「孤島」的國際環境、邊遠地區民眾對新政權的政治認同感薄弱，以及為了生存和發展而選擇優先發展工業的國家戰略緊密相關。導致農村出現危機的直接原因，則是農業稅徵收過程的諸多弊端引起農民和主要由農民出身的士兵普遍不滿，而嚴重饑荒又強化了不滿情緒。1924年8月喬治亞農民起義引起蘇聯高層震動，標誌著農村局部性危機的形成。隨後，蘇聯政府在政治上採取「面向農村」的新政策，在經濟上大幅降低農業稅，最終化解了這場危機。但其所帶來的農民收入改善，與蘇聯壓擠農民財富、推進工業以求自存的國家目標有所背離，又為下一階段的剷除富農與農業全盤集體化埋下伏筆。

It is widely believed in Chinese mainland academic circles that the burden of Soviet farmers in the period of New Economic Policy was milder than that in the period of War Communism, and the social contradictions were generally eased. However, historical materials such as the archives of the state security organizations of the Soviet Union and peasants' letters from 1924 to 1925 contradict this conventional understanding, proving that there were crises in rural areas of the Soviet Union-peasant resistance movements such as terrorist actions, bandit movements, and uprisings occurred in some rural areas of the Soviet Union, and also the worker-peasant alliance fractured. These materials show the need for further study on the concrete implementation of the New Economic Policy. This article finds that the historical background of the rural crisis in 1924-1925 was closely related to the international environment of the Soviet Union, which was an isolated socialist island, to the weak sense of political identity of people in the border regions with the new regime, and to the national strategy of giving priority to the development of industry. The direct cause of the rural crisis was abuses in the implementation of the agricultural tax, incurring the resentment of the peasants and those soldiers who were from the peasantry, which was intensified by severe famine. The peasant uprising in Georgia in August 1924 shocked the Soviet leaders, symbolizing the outbreak of the limited rural crisis. The Soviet government, acutely aware of the crisis, decisively adopted the new policy of ''facing the countryside,'' and by drastically reducing the agricultural tax finally successfully settled the rural crisis. However, the improvement of peasants' incomes after the resolution of the crisis deviated from the Soviet Union's national goal of extracting peasants' wealth and developing industry, and laid the groundwork for the elimination of rich peasants and the collectivization of agriculture in the next stage.