非核家園推動政策及法制二十年回顧與展望

Evolution of nuclear-free homeland in Taiwan in the past two decades

自2000年台灣首度政黨輪替後，開始推動非核家園政策，迄今已經邁向接近二十年。在政策措施上，雖推動緩急不同，但仍持續朝向非核家園邁進，如，於2002年10月行政院非核家園推動委員會之設置及行政院非核家園具體行動方案之研提、2003年全國非核家園大會之舉辦、2014年的核四封存事件，以及近幾年將核四燃料棒送回美國之舉動。
然而在法制上卻呈現出「先快後緩」的現象。首先，在2001年立法院朝野的非核家園共識下，開始推動的核能電廠提前除役條例草案之立法。後續，在2002年在環境基本法中，納入「政府應訂定計畫，逐步達成非核家園目標」之規範，並同時審議非核家園推動法草案。嗣後於2011年福島震災後，在2015年共有五版本的非核家園推動法草案於立法院審議中，可說是非核家園法制化動作的黃金時期！然而近期除於2017年電業法通過且後續被以核養綠公投案廢棄之電業法第九十五條第一項核能發電設備應於中華民國114年以前，全部停止運轉之條文規範外，幾無探討非核家園之單行立法。
本文希望在這非核家園推動近二載之際，回顧過去非核家園法制政策推動之進展，並提出相關建言，期許喚起各界對於推動非核家園法制化之重視。

In 2000, Taiwan has the first ruling party alternation since 1945. The long opposition anti-nuclear power party won the presidential election and began to promote the agenda of nuclear-free homeland(NFH). The reform was mainly based on and adapted from the German nuclear phase out model initiated by the Social Democratic Party(SPD) and the Green Party coalition government since 1998. Unfortunately, nuclear-free homeland bill didn’t pass in the congress and only a very abstract nuclear-free homeland clause was embedded in Environmental Basic Act.
In spite of the party alternation again in 2008, the promotion of NFH continued and heated up, particularly after the 2011 Fukushima accident. In 2015, five different versions of NFH bills were proposed and deliberated in the parliament, which can be seen as the golden age of NFH legislations! However, after the party alternation back to the anti-nuclear party again in 2016, the discussion of single NFH legislations suddenly cooled down and even disappeared in the political agenda, even though the NFH continue to progress and set 2025 as the schedule year.
In the past few decades, the nuclear phase out plan can be seen in so many countries. However, in the coming year, only Germany is scheduled to phase out by 2022 and Taiwan will follow by 2025. Also, unlike the terminology of nuclear phase-out, Taiwan used unique terminology of NFH. The aim of this article is to look into the three waves of NFH movement in Taiwan and try to categorize main elements to analyze the evolution of the concepts in a more sophisticated manner. Hopefully, such insight could provide lessons for those countries struggling with the delayed planned implementation of nuclear phase out.